بررسی چالش‌های فقهی حقوقی شرط وکالت زوجه در طلاق و راهکارهای آن

وکالت مطلق زوجه در طلاق به دلیل مخالفت با کتاب و سنّت جایز نمی‌باشد، امّا در مورد وکالت مقیّد زوجه در طلاق، اکثریت فقهای شیعه قائل به جواز وکالت مقیّد زوجه در طلاق هستند. با توجّه به کافی بودن مغایرت اعتباری بین فاعل و قابل و عدم مخالفت توکیل مقیّد با کتاب و سنّت و روایاتی که بر جواز وکالت در طلاق عموماً و جواز وکالت مقیّد زوجه در آن خصوصاً دلالت دارند، حکم به جواز وکالت مقیّد زوجه در طلاق می‌شود، امّا وکالت مطلق دادن به زوجه در طلاق به خاطر مخالفت با کتاب و سنّت جایز نمی‌باشد. مرد می‌تواند هر وقت که بخواهد، زن خود را طلاق دهد، قانون مدنی، حقّ طلاق را صرفاً به شوهر داده و از «قوانین آمره» است، از حقوق مالى به شمار نمی‌رود تا شوهر بتواند آن را منتقل به زن کند؛ امّا او می‌تواند از طریق «توکیل مطلق» یا در موارد خاصی، از طرف خود به زن نیابت در طلاق بدهد؛ بنابراین، ازنظر فقه اسلامى و قانون مدنی ایران، زن به‌صورت طبیعى حقّ طلاق ندارد؛ امّا به شکل قراردادى، یعنى به‌صورت وکالت در شرط ضمن عقد مى‌تواند چنین اختیاری داشته باشد.

examining the juridical and legal challenges of the wife’s power of attorney in divorce and its solutions

the unconditional power of attorney for the wife in divorce is not permissible due to its contradiction with the qur’an and sunnah. however, regarding the conditional power of attorney for the wife in divorce, the majority of shia scholars believe that a conditional power of attorney for the wife in divorce is permissible. given that the mere discrepancy between the agent (the husband) and the recipient (the wife) is sufficient, and considering that the conditional delegation does not conflict with the qur’an and sunnah, along with narrations indicating the general permissibility of power of attorney in divorce, and especially the conditional power of attorney for the wife in this regard, it is concluded that a conditional power of attorney for the wife in divorce is permissible. however, granting the wife an unconditional power of attorney in divorce is not permissible due to its contradiction with the qur’an and sunnah. the husband can divorce his wife whenever he wants. according to civil law, the right to divorce is exclusively granted to the husband, and it is considered a mandatory law, not a property right, so the husband cannot transfer this right to the wife. however, he can delegate the power of attorney to the wife through &unconditional delegation& or in certain cases, granting her the authority to act on his behalf in divorce. therefore, according to islamic jurisprudence and iranian civil law, the wife naturally does not have the right to divorce, but contractually, i.e., through a power of attorney as a condition in the marriage contract, she can possess such authority.