design and preparation of an optical sensor for determination of thorium(iv) in aqueous solutions by sol- gel based on congo red

We report a sensor based on the sol-gel method with the combination of the concord identifier. the proposed optical sensor is highly selective, fast and stable with respect to thorium (iv) ion, and shows significant changes in the absorption signal exposed to aqueous solution containing thorium (iv). this optical membrane is capable of detecting thorium (iv) ion in the dynamic range of 1.6 * 10-4 to 1 * 10-9 is well recognized. features of this membrane are high sensitivity, short response time, high selectivity.finite element method (fem) is used for simulation of two-pass processing tube tension-reducing of the new steel 33mn2v for oil well tubes. the simulated results visualize dynamic evolution of equivalent stress, especially inside the work-piece.