imaging based on a fast back-projection algorithm considering antenna beamwidth

In ground penetrating radar (gpr), back projection (bp) approach is a reliable method to image underground buried objects which unfortunately suffers from a high computational burden. in the bp algorithm, the refraction points have to be approximated to decrease the computational complexity. another parameter that can improve both the accuracy and the speed of the algorithm is the antenna pattern. the 2-d algorithm is a convenient method which entails high artifacts. the proposed algorithm implemented in the 3-d domain is able to decrease the artifacts and is also a better discriminator. meanwhile, it is possible to reconstruct a 2-d image with a better resolution in which artifacts have been suppressed. but scanning along both x and y-axes is needed. the computational burden of the 3-d algorithm has been reduced with the help of the antenna pattern. the 3-d scene is mapped to a 2-d scenario and the problem is changed to a 2-d algorithm problem.