the impact of inlet and outlet flow arrangement on the thermal efficiency of cooling systems

A numerical analysis was conducted to evaluate the hydrothermal performance of a mini-channel heat sink with pin fins (mchs) across six different inlet/outlet flow arrangements based on the first law of thermodynamics. results were presented in terms of several key parameters, including temperature (t), the nusselt number (nu), pressure drop (p), friction factor (f), and performance evaluation criteria (pec). the findings indicated that configurations with dual inlets and outlets significantly improved performance compared to single inlet/outlet designs. enhanced vortex intensification in the inlet/outlet header and around the pin fin structures was observed for configuration e, resulting in a maximum pec= 2 for configuration e at re=2000. the pec of configuration e was approximately 52.7% higher than configurations b and c, and pec of configuration e was around 7.2% higher than configuration d and 24.2% higher than configuration f. using configuration d at re=400 improved cooling by 40.64°c.