photomedicine in covid-19 management

Photobiomodulation (pbm) is a photon therapy based on pbm which uses a light sourcing ‎from lasers, light-emitting diodes (leds), and broadband light, in the visible and near-‎infrared spectrum. in this mechanism different methods like direct laser therapy to target ‎tissue, intravenous or transcutaneous lasers to target the blood stream for systemic effects ‎and laser therapy for targeting deeper tissues like trans cranial in brain are used. ‎it has different effects on cells such as proliferation, atp induction, synthesis of dna ‎and rna, and activating cell signaling cascades like reactive oxygen species (ros), nitric ‎oxide (no) release which activate cytochrome c oxidase, and modify intracellular organelle ‎membrane activity, calcium flux, and expression of stress proteins. it also has general ‎effects like metabolic effects, analgesic effects, anti-inflammatory effects and finally ‎immunomodulatory effects.‎