do the sturctures in the vicinty of outlets lead to increase the volume of the presuurised flushing half-cone? and to some extent? a review on studies with propsed formulas

The loss of reservoirs capacity, due to sediment deposition, reduces their operability and sustainability. therefore, dealing with this issue has been of interest for operators and owners. in worse circumstances, the sediment deposit may block the outlet, or may lead reservoir to be definitively inoperable. among the potential taken measures for dealing with this issue, the present paper reviews the studies conducted on pressurized flushing, under the impact of an extended outlet or embedded structure in its vicinity. the proposed empirical formulas by these studies for obtaining the volume of the corresponding flushing half-cones have been compared to figure out the impact of the embedded structures. it was found that utilizing different types of embedded structures, may lead to obtain 1.96 to 51 times larger flushing half-cones in comparison with implementing the simple outlets. consequently, the submerged plates showed a higher impact; however, it seems that this conclusion may not be taken into the account without considering the scale effects. the isuue which seems that is not investigated well yet, due to the wide variety of the obtained volumes. excluding the submerged plates, the ratio of increased volume, induces that the utilizing of the structures is not a practical solution worth to be implemented in a protoype scale.