تبیین نظریه اخذ قدرت در نفس خطابات شرعی از دیدگاه محقّق نایینی

از مهم‌ترین مسائل مطرح‌شده در علم اصول، تحلیل خطابات شرعی و نسبت‌سنجیِ آنها با اخذ قید قدرت است که نوآوریِ میرزای نایینی در آن به روشنی به چشم می‌خورد. با وجود تازگی این دیدگاه و ثمره‌های بسیارِ آن، تا کنون تقریر مستقلّی از این دیدگاه ارائه نشده و این خلا، ضرورت ارائه تقریری از دیدگاهِ یاد شده را دو چندان نموده است. گرچه در تبیین دیدگاه‌های دانشمندان علم اصول، اکتفا به یک یا دو تقریر از درسشان مرسوم است؛ امّا این راهبرد کافی نیست؛ زیرا باعث پدید آمدن اشکال‌ها، ابهام‌ها و تعارض‌هایی پیرامون نظریه خواهد شد. بر این اساس، پژوهشِ پیش‌رو کوشیده است این بحث را به روش تحلیلی-توصیفی و با جست‌وجویی جامع در منابع کتابخانه‌ای و نیز طبقه‌بندی داده‌ها بر اساس اصالت‌سنجی منابع موجود، تقریر و تبیین کند. تا پیش از ابداع این نظریه، دیدگاه مشهور بر این پایه بنا شده بود که در ذات خطاب شارع، قید قدرت اخذ نشده و تنها با انضمام قبح تکلیف عاجز می‌توان قدرت را به عنوان شرط خارجی پذیرفت؛ ولی میرزای نایینی با تحلیل انّیِ ماهیت خطاب، بر این باور است که در هر یک از خطابات شرعی، می‌بایست قدرت‌داشتن مکلّف بر متعلّق تکلیف، قید شده باشد. این دیدگاه، آثار مختلفی در موضوعات گوناگونِ کلامی، فقهی، قاعده‌های فقهی و اصولی بر جای گذاشته است؛ مانند اثبات قبح تکلیف بما لا یطاق نزد اشاعره، حلّ تزاحم، حجّیت قاعده «الممتنع شرعاً کالممتنع عقلاً»، جریان قاعده «الامتناع بالاختیار لا ینافی الاختیار»، جریان اصل عملی در برخی حالات و حل مساله اجتماع امر و نهی.

explanation of the theory of obtaining power in the religious addresses themselves from the perspective of mohaghegh naini

one of the most important issues raised in the science of principles is the analysis of religious discourses and their comparison with the assumption of power, in which the initiative of mirza naini is clearly visible. despite the novelty of this theory and its many fruits, no independent interpretation of this theory has been presented so far, and this gap has doubled the necessity of presenting an interpretation of the said theory. although it is customary to explain the ideas of scholars of fundamental science, by mentioning one or two interpretations of their lessons, but this strategy is not enough; this will cause problems, ambiguities and conflicts around the theory. based on this, the current research has tried to present and explain the mentioned discussion in an analytical-descriptive method and with a comprehensive tracking of library sources and data classification based on the authenticity of existing sources. before the invention of this theory, the famous view was based on the fact that in the essence of the legal address, there is no requirement of power, and power can be accepted as an external condition only by adding the ugliness of the powerless obligation. mirzai naini, however, with an objective analysis of the nature of the address, believes that in each of the religious addresses, the power of the obligee over the obligation should be stated. one of the most important issues raised in the science of principles is the analysis of religious discourses and their comparison with the assumption of power, in which the initiative of mirza naini is clearly visible. despite the novelty of this theory and its many fruits, no independent interpretation of this theory has been presented so far, and this gap has doubled the necessity of presenting an interpretation of the said theory. although it is customary to explain the ideas of scholars of fundamental science, by mentioning one or two interpretations of their lessons, but this strategy is not enough; this will cause problems, ambiguities and conflicts around the theory. based on this, the current research has tried to present and explain the mentioned discussion in an analytical-descriptive method and with a comprehensive tracking of library sources and data classification based on the authenticity of existing sources. before the invention of this theory, the famous view was based on the fact that in the essence of the legal address, there is no requirement of power, and power can be accepted as an external condition only by adding the ugliness of the powerless obligation. mirzai naini, however, with an objective analysis of the nature of the address, believes that in each of the religious addresses, the power of the obligee over the obligation should be stated.this theory has left various effects in various theological, jurisprudential rules and principles; results such as: proving the obscenity of obligation when no power according to the ash’arite, solving the conflict, the validity of the rule the prohibition of the law is the same as the prohibition of the rational , the rule of impossibility with possibility  is not impossibility , the practical principle in some situations and solving the problem of the gathering case of command and prohibition.