the advantages of titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of improved magnesium composites for orthopedic applications

Magnesium (mg) alloys have garnered significant attention as temporary biodegradable implants due to their excellent biodegradability and an elastic modulus similar to natural bone. however, their rapid corrosion in physiological environments, which leads to a premature loss of mechanical integrity, hinders their clinical application. to address this, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (tio₂ nps) have recently been explored as multifunctional reinforcing agents for mg-based composites. in addition to activating key strengthening mechanisms, tio₂ nps can enhance antimicrobial performance and biocompatibility due to their intrinsic properties. this review examines recent advances in tio₂ nps-reinforced mg composites, focusing on their effects on mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, bone regeneration, and antibacterial efficacy. finally, the current limitations and future prospects of these composites for biomedical applications are discussed.