قانون حاکم بر رابطۀ کار: مطالعه‌ای تطبیقی در حقوق اتحادیۀ اروپا و ایران

با توسعه‌ روزافزون تجارت بین‌الملل در دهه‌های اخیر و گردش آزادانه‌ کار و سرمایه، مسائل و چالش‌های جدیدی در این خصوص مطرح شده است. یکی از مهم‌ترین مسائل در این باره، تعارض قوانین حاکم بر کار در مواردی است که رابطه‌ میان کارگر و کارفرما با بیش از یک کشور ارتباط پیدا می‌کند. بر خلاف قواعد تعارض قوانین حاکم بر سرمایه در تجارت بین‌الملل، مسئله‌ تعارض قوانین حاکم بر کار پدیده‌ای نوظهور است. این امر سبب شده است تا میان نظام‌های حقوقی مختلف در بحث از قواعد و راهکارهای مطرح‌شده برای حل تعارض قوانین حاکم بر قرارداد کار وحدت رویکرد وجود نداشته باشد. در این زمینه، قانون آیین دادرسی کار ایران اقدام به وضع قواعد حل تعارض ایرانی حاکم بر رابطۀ کار کرده است. در پژوهش حاضر و با مطالعه‌ای تطبیقی، به تبیین قواعد حل تعارض مستنبط از قانون یادشده و تعیین حدود اجرای آن پرداخته شده است. علاوه بر این، توصیف مناسبی از رابطۀ کار تحت نظارت حقوق ایران و تبیین نقش حاکمیت اراده در حل تعارض قوانین حاکم بر رابطۀ کار ارائه شده است.

law applicable to labor relations: a comparative study of eu and iranian law

due to the increasing development of international trade and the free movement of labor and capital in recent decades, new issues and challenges have arisen in this area. in this regard, one of the most important issues is the conflict of laws where a worker and employer are related to more than one country. a worker may, for example, be employed by a foreign company, reside in two different countries, or perform his or her activities in different countries. among these are transportation workers, international business agents, ship and plane services, as well as situations in which the employee is not working in a specified jurisdiction, such as in high seas installations.contrary to conflict rules governing the movement of capital at the international level, conflict rules governing labor are a relatively new phenomenon. therefore, there is a lack of unity of approach among the different legal systems regarding the rules and solutions for resolving the conflict of laws governing employment contracts. accordingly, iran’s labor procedure act sets forth the rules of iranian conflict rule applicable to labor relations.when the labor relationship has an external element, it is necessary to determine the law that governs the dispute. although the subject of the current research is pervasive, no comprehensive research has been conducted in this area of iranian law. it is, however, noteworthy that mahmoud bagheri and maryam dunyaei, in an article titled &analysis of determining the governing law in international labor contracts based on the duality of exchange and distributive justice&, discuss the governing law of labor relations without mentioning any of iran’s relevant laws. using comparative law studies and focusing on european private law, the authors of this article attempt to analyze this issue and propose appropriate solutions based on iranian law.methodologythis research presents the results of a library study and a descriptive-analytical method based on a library study. a comprehensive evaluation of the physical and electronic authorities in english, french, and farsi languages has been carried out.theoretical frameworkthe theoretical framework of this study is grounded in the analysis of the conflict of laws applicable to employment contracts, comparing iranian law with european union (eu) law. the conflict of laws, also known as private international law, addresses which legal system and jurisdiction apply when the legal dispute involves a foreign element. in the context of employment contracts, this becomes crucial as labor mobility increases, especially in multinational enterprises.this research draws upon the principles and rules of conflict of laws established under both iranian and eu legal systems. in the eu, the rome i regulation provides a comprehensive framework for determining the applicable law, primarily favoring the law chosen by the parties, with safeguards to protect weaker parties like employees. iranian law, however, attenuates party autonomy and favors prioritizing national law over foreign law, in the relations between iranian nationals (even across the iranian borders).  research questionsin this article, the main question is how to resolve the problem of determining the conflict rules governing labor relations.