حق عینی و دینی؛ مطالعه تطبیقی در حقوق اسلام و غرب

حق عینی سلطه‌ای است که شخص نسبت به یک عین خارجی دارد و می‌تواند آن‌ را به‌طور مستقیم و بدون نیاز به همکاری دیگری اعمال کند؛ در مقابل، حق دینی به دارایی شخص معین به‌عنوان یک کل تعلق می‌گیرد و صاحب حق بر مال معینی از دارایی مدیون سلطه‌ای ندارد. ریشۀ این تقسیم‌بندی در حقوق روم است و طی دورۀ طولانی وارد نظام‌های حقوقی غربی از جمله فرانسه شده است. مبنای این تقسیم‌بندی، آیین اقامۀ دعوا، احقاق حق و تشریفات دادرسی بوده است، چنانکه هم‌اکنون نیز ثمره اصلی پذیرش این تفکیک در دادرسی و نحوه اعمال حق آشکار می‌شود، اما به مرور و با گذشت زمان احکام متعددی بر آن مترتب شده است. در این مقاله مبنای این دسته‌بندی و سیر تاریخی و احکام آن را در حقوق روم و غرب (= حقوق فرانسه) بررسی ‌و تلاش کرده‌ایم جایگاه آن را در حقوق اسلام و ایران تبیین کنیم. به اعتقاد نگارندگان در حقوق اسلام نیز حق عینی از دینی متمایز است و احکام و آثار آن وجود دارد. همچنین در حقوق موضوعه ایران تمییز حق عینی از دینی از قانون مدنی قابل استنباط است. البته در خصوص مفهوم عین و دین و قلمرو حقوق عینی ‌و دینی تفاوت‌هایی بین نظام حقوقی اسلام و غرب وجود دارد که به ‌تفصیل بررسی کرده‌ایم.

researching the distinction between real right and personal right and its effects; a comparative study in islamic and western law

the field of financial rights is divided in a number of ways within the context of legal knowledge. one of the most fundamental of these divisions is the distinction between objective and personal or in personam rights. the genesis of this distinction can be traced to roman law. it subsequently permeated the western legal system, including that of france, following a protracted journey. the foundation of this differentiation lies in the legal tenets governing litigation, the enforcement of rights, and the conduct of court proceedings. it has now become the primary consequence of embracing this differentiation in the proceedings and the exercise of rights.however, over time, a substantial number of rulings have been issued on this matter. an objective right is a right that an individual possesses over an external object, which they are able to exercise independently, without the need for the involvement of others. in contrast, a personal right is attributed to the entirety of a particular individual’s property, and the holder of the right does not possess dominion over a specific asset belonging to the debtor. this article’s focus is on examining the existence of the division of financial rights into objective and personal categories and its implications in islamic and iranian law, despite the existence of differing interpretations.in examining this issue and related issues in this article, the descriptive analytical method is employed, and materials are collected through the library method. this is done with the aim of investigating the concept, history and distinction of objective right from personal in western law, and of re-examining the place of this separation and its implications. in examining rulings in islamic jurisprudence and iran’s law, as well as the latest developments in western law (france) and imamiyya jurisprudence, this article aims to delineate the border between them in iranian law. it will then proceed to examine some of the most important examples of this distinction, and elucidate the significant practical effects that arise from it.in response to this, the authors argue that in islamic law, the objective right is distinct from the personal one, and that there are specific rulings and effects associated with each. this is because, within the field of jurisprudence, the financial right is not divided in this way. additionally, the distinction between objective and personal rights in iranian law can be discerned from the civil code and the code of civil procedure. however, with regard to the concepts of object (ein) and debt (dein), as well as the scope of objective and personal rights, there are notable differences between the legal systems of islam and the west, which have been the subject of extensive investigation.in conclusion, it can be stated that the distinction between objective right and personal right in western law, including in france, is a well-established concept with roots in roman law. this distinction has significant implications and has shaped the structure of the french civil code.