فلسفه حقوق ورشکستگی

یکی از کارکردهای مشترک نهاد ورشکستگی در نظام‌های حقوقی مختلف آن است که مشکلات هماهنگی بین بدهکار و بستانکاران را کاهش دهد و خواسته‌های ناسازگار این دو و سایر طرف‌های متاثر از ورشکستگی را تعدیل کند، اما سوال اساسی که در این پژوهش بررسی می‌شود آن است که هدف بنیادین حقوق ورشکستگی چیست؟ ناتوانی تاجر در پرداخت دیون خود دامنه گسترده‌ای از گروه‌های ذی‌نفع را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهد و سوالی که مطرح می‌شود این است که آیا حقوق ورشکستگی باید فقط از منافع بستانکاران حمایت کند یا ایجاد تعادل میان حقوق گروه‌های مختلف ذی‌نفع هم از اهداف حقوق ورشکستگی است؟ آیا بازپرداخت مطالبات بستانکاران هدف اصلی حقوق ورشکستگی است یا نجات و بقای بنگاه تجارتی و فراهم کردن فرصت شروعی دوباره برای بازرگان هدف بنیادین است؟ در پاسخ به این پرسش‌ها نظریات متعددی ابراز شده است. نظریه معامله بستانکاران، نظریه جامع قراردادمحور، نظریه ارزش‌های چندگانه، نظریه ارزش صریح و نظریه شروع دوباره، از جمله نظریاتی است که در این زمینه به تبیین و تحلیل آنها پرداخته می‌شود. به‌نظر می‌رسد نهاد ورشکستگی، پیش از تدارک سازوکار تصفیه جمعی به روشی بهینه و عادلانه، باید فرصت شروعی دوباره را فراهم سازد و سیاست‌های تقنینی و قضایی باید همسو با این هدف بنیادین باشند.

philosophy of bankruptcy law

law is a phenomenon born of human reason and designed to achieve a specific end. legislation is a scientific method that is carried out in order to achieve a specific goal, without which legislation remains a pile of rules that are unrelated to each other. therefore, the legislator must always take into account the goals he is trying to achieve when creating new legal regulations in order to avoid inconsistencies between legal regulations. regarding the special importance of the objective of bankruptcy law, it should be said that the design and implementation of bankruptcy law affects the economy of the country, and the design of an efficient bankruptcy law also depends on the knowledge of the appropriate objectives of bankruptcy law. in addition to the authority of the legislation, the existence of the objective of the bankruptcy law helps to interpret the legal provisions correctly. of course, setting appropriate goals for a law is not enough and must be accompanied by its effective implementation. therefore, once the appropriate law has been enacted, it is necessary to monitor its objective results at the level of society to see whether it has achieved the desired goals in practice or not.in this research, the importance of paying attention to the principles and objectives of bankruptcy has been recalled and various theories that exist in this regard have been examined. in iran’s legal system, the basic goal of bankruptcy law is to protect the rights of creditors, but in this research, regardless of iran’s laws, the basic goal of bankruptcy law has been considered and studied. one of the common functions of bankruptcy law in different legal systems is to reduce the problems of coordination between debtors and creditors and to adjust the incompatible demands of them and other parties affected by bankruptcy, but the basic question in this research is what is the fundamental purpose of bankruptcy law? in fact, bankruptcy affects a wide range of groups, so the main issue is whether bankruptcy law should only protect creditors or should balance the rights of different groups? another question is what is the main objective of bankruptcy law, to satisfy creditors’ claims or to rehabilitate and survive the business and give the entrepreneur a fresh start? in response to this question, several theories have been expressed and analysed as follows: creditors’ bargain theory, broad-based contractarian theory, multiple value theory, explicit value theory and fresh start theory.it seems that bankruptcy law should keep all creditors, debtors and different interested groups in proper conditions, and with the fair and optimal distribution of losses, bankruptcy law should balance the conflicting interests of different groups.indeed, the most effective means of balancing the interests of disparate interest groups is to redistribute the losses incurred as a result of bankruptcy among them.