پذیرش ثبت اموال مجهول‌المالک در حقوق ایران

به موجب قانون ثبت 1310، تقاضای ثبت اموال غیرمنقول و پذیرش آن، مستلزم شناسایی و تعرفه اموال در دفتر توزیع اظهارنامه بوده که ظرف حدود چهار دهه، تقریباً کلیه اموال غیرمنقول به تدریج در سراسرکشور شناسایی و در دفتر توزیع تعرفه شده است. پس از آن، عمده اموال غیرمنقول ثبت شده و یا در جریان ثبت است، اما برخی از اموال غیرمنقول در همان مرحله شناسایی مانده و متقاضی جز تعرفه در دفتر توزیع اقدامی نکرده است که از این اموال، به اموال مجهول المالک تعبیر می­ شود. در این مقاله صرفاً مرحله پذیرش تقاضای ثبت اموال مجهول المالک (پذیرش اظهارنامه) بررسی می­ شود که به صورت اختصاصی و با اجرای مقررات ماده11، 27 و32 قانون ثبت و مواد 21 الی 51 آیین­نامه قانون ثبت انجام می ‏گیرد. اگرچه دفتر توزیع مبنایی برای پذیرش ثبت اموال مجهول‌المالک بوده است، ولی با توجه به ماده‌ 11 قانون ثبت، ماده‌ 24 آیین‌نامه‌ آن و همچنین آرای هیات نظارت و شورای عالی ثبت تا جایی به دفتر توزیع مراجعه شده که مندرجات آن بر خلاف واقع نباشد و در صورت تعارض مندرجات دفتر توزیع با تصرف فعلی از متصرف فعلی باید پذیرش ثبت به‌عمل می ­آید؛ زیرا مندرجات دفتر توزیع، قرینه بر مالکیت و تصرف، اماره بر مالکیت است و در صورت تعارض قرینه با اماره، اماره مقدم است.

accepting the registration of real estate of unknown ownership in iranian law

the general registration framework has been dismantled with the implementation of the registration law of 1932 and the identification and rating of real estate in the bureau of distribution of official notices and major registration. today, we are facing the acceptance of the registration of unknown property and the continuation of registration operations exclusively with the implementation of general registration regulations. although the notice distribution office is the basis for accepting the registration of properties of unknown ownership, according to article 11 of the registration law, which mentions the acceptance of the application for the registration of &possessor as ownership&, and according to article 24 of the code of regulations, which requires ownership possession to be confirmed, to accept the registration of property, and according to the orders of the supervisory board and the supreme registration council, enshrined in article 35 of the civil law and article 11 of the registration law, first of all, referral to the notice distribution office is done to the extent that its contents are not contrary to the facts. secondly, in the event of a conflict between the contents of the distribution book and the current possession, considering that the contents of the distribution book are presumptive on ownership and possession, proof of ownership, the possessor is granted the application for acceptance of the registration.this article is written in a descriptive-analytical manner. the author seeks to study how effective the provisions of the declaration distribution office are in accepting the registration and whether the provisions of the notice distribution office are proof of the applicant’s ownership or proof of ownership. in the assumption that the owner of the property is someone else, will the acceptance of the registration necessarily be done from the person in whose name the property is registered in the distribution office of the notice or his/her heirs or from the owner of the property? assuming that the possessor accepts registration, is possession as ownership sufficient to accept registration, or are other reasons necessary to prove ownership?in answering this question, one should make the difference between various assumptions:in accepting the registration of the real estate of unknown ownership, although according to paragraph 272 of the collection of registration circulars, it is necessary to first refer to the bureau of distribution of official notices and ask the person whose name is registered in the bureau of distribution of official notices or his/her heir or the person who transferred the property from the person has been purchased in distribution of official notices or by his/her heirs (directly or through an intermediary), the registration will be accepted. however, the procedure of the supervisory board and the supreme registration council, which is admissible, is that in the conflict between the current possession (material and sensory) and the bureau of distribution of official notices, the current possession prevails. the possessor must accept the registration with the right to object of the other party (at the stage of periodical advertisement) because the notice distribution registry in the name of a person is circumstantial evidence of ownership. in contrast, according to article 35 of the civil law, possession as ownership is circumstantial evidence of ownership, which is stronger than the presumption.if the possessor, in addition to the possession, directly or indirectly claims the purchase of the property from the taxed person in the distribution office or his heirs without presenting the purchase documents or their documents are denied or doubted, in this case.