passenger tire tread formulation based on silica/carbon black hybrid reinforcement system

Nano silica in combination with silane coupling agents recently partially replaces the carbon black (cb) in modern passenger tire tread formulations to enhance final properties of tire tread such as wet traction (wt), rolling resistance (rr) and abrasion resistance (ar). however, it is still challenging to obtain a proper content of cb in the formulations. the goal of this article is to reach the optimum magic triangle of green tire. results show that the ratio of cb to total filler equal to 33% represent the best propertis of wt, rr and ar.