analyzing manganese trade structure in the world

Manganese is of various applications in different industries. due to uneven distribution of manganese reserves, 60 countries exported manganese ores and concentrates in 2021, while the number of manganese importers was 81. this paper aims to examine the global trend of exports and imports of manganese. in doing so, first, the top 10 trading countries are determined in terms of value and volume of trade. then, herfindahl-hirschman index is calculated for both exports and imports during 2010-2021. hhi calculations for manganese international trade indicate high concentration in manganese exports and imports market. this implies the fragility of importing manganese ores and concentrates. thus, iran should consider economic and trade consequences of high concentration in world manganese market.