the effect of red algae phlorotannin on lymphocytes and macrophages in nmri mouse

Phlorotannins, a category of polyphenolic compounds derived from red seaweed, exhibit a range of advantageous properties including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer and neuroprotective effects. the global demand for these biological activities has surged (1, 2). in this study, red algae obtained from the persian gulf were employed to extract phlorotannins. then, lymphocytes and macrophages were isolated from nmri mice, cultured in specialized media and subjected to different phlorotannin concentrations (0, 20, 60, and 100 mg/ml). the results indicated that the viability of these cells was not adversely affected by the increasing concentrations of the compound. notably, there was a significant improvement in the survival and proliferation of macrophages. additionally, a concentration-dependent reduction in the activity of the inflammatory enzyme no and the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine il-1β were observed. in contrast, higher concentrations of phlorotannins led to an increase in the respiratory burst of macrophages and the secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines such as il-10 and tgf-β. these findings highlighted the strong anti-inflammatory properties of phlorotannins that was considered safe due to their non-cytotoxic nature presenting a promising alternative to traditional chemicals and pharmaceuticals (3).