the effect of hydropriming, biopriming (trichoderma fungus) and seed coating with nano-chelate on the germination indices of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.) under cadmium stress.

In order to investigate the effect of hydropriming, biopriming (trichoderma fungus) and seed coating with nano-chelate on the germination indices of quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.) under cadmium stress, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a completely randomized design in four replication was carried out in the seed science and technology laboratory of mohaghegh ardabili university in 1402. the experimental treatments included pretreatment methods at four levels (no treatment, hydropriming, biopriming and seed coating) and cadmium chloride stress (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/liter). the results showed that the cadmium stress of 150 mg/liter reduced the germination percentage by 9.46% and the germination rate by 49.68% compared to the control treatment. according to the results of this research, it can be concluded that biopriming with trichoderma fungus at different levels of cadmium stress reduces the negative effect of cadmium stress by increasing the vigor of seeds and seedlings and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. the characteristics of germination and seedling growth are improved, but in many cases, hydropriming is not significantly different from biopriming, and in some cases it has worked better. therefore, water pretreatment is a simple and cost-effective method, and at the same time it is simple and does not require complex technical knowledge, it can be easily implemented by farmers. therefore, this method is recommended to improve germination, seedling growth and increase the quality and strength of quinoa seeds.