a review of the research conducted on the priming of chickpea seeds (cicer arietinum l.).

After cereals, legumes are the second most important food source in iran and the world. in terms of their unique position in crop rotations, strengthening soil fertility, preventing soil erosion, developing sustainable agriculture, a key role in human nutrition as a source of vegetable protein, and improving the livelihood of farmers, they are very important in agricultural systems. despite these advantages, their performance fluctuates more than other crops. in most of the arid and semi-arid regions of the world, including iran, soil characteristics such as alkalinity, lack of organic matter, and humidity cause a significant decrease in the absorption of nutrients by the plant. as a result, seeds with weak roots are produced. weak seed vigor causes the formation of weak seedlings, increasing the sensitivity to biotic and abiotic stresses and ultimately reducing the yield. seed priming is a low-risk, low-cost, and one of the most important ways to improve germination quality, seedling emerging, and creating robust seedlings. one of the most critical problems of chickpea cultivation in iran is the low average seed yield (468 kg ha-1) compared to the global average (1100 kg ha-1). it seems that the weak seed vigor and the creation of weak seedlings are the main reasons for the low average yield of this plant. to carry out this research, studies on chickpea priming should be examined first. articles were searched in domestic (magiran, sid & elmnet) and foreign (web of science, scopus, pub med & google scholar) databases, as well as theses available in the ganj system with the keyword pea priming . after reviewing the articles, some of the articles that had the investigated indicators were selected, and their results were used in the article. in this sense, seed priming before planting is an agricultural operation that increases germination and better seedling establishment. in iran, the low yield potential of chickpea cultivars can be attributed to the limited use of agricultural inputs and the lack of appropriate production methods. another critical factor that causes a decrease in production and permanent or temporary fluctuations in its performance is the sensitivity of existing cultivars to biotic (pests and diseases) and non-biotic (drought, salinity, and cold) stresses. the results indicated that the priming treatment increased the percentage of germination and the establishment of more robust seedlings with a high growth rate. in the later stages of the chickpea seedling growth, the priming treatment increased the volume of the roots and the effectiveness of the stabilizing nodes. nitrogen, as well as increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, increases resistance and tolerance to drought and salinity stress and increases the biological performance and grain yield in iran s dry weather conditions. according to the results, it can be concluded that seed priming increases chickpea yields by increasing the rate of germination and emergence, creating robust seedlings, and increasing the capacity to resist environmental stresses. it may be one of the most important agricultural activities in chickpea cultivation and should receive more attention from researchers. then, chickpea seed priming is a low-cost and convenient method in greenhouse and field cultivation, among other methods, to improve the performance of chickpea plants under stress and non-stress conditions, which makes chickpea cultivation very affordable by increasing biological yield and seed yield.