effects of stress modulators (vermicompost, mycorrhiza, putrescine and ‎nano zinc ‎oxide) on yield and grain filling components of barley (hordeum ‎vulgare l.) under ‎salinity stress

‎: in order to study of the effects of stress modulators (vermicompost, mycorrhiza, ‎putrescine and nano zinc ‎oxide) on yield and grain filling components of barley under ‎salinity stress, an experimental as factorial was ‎conducted based on randomized complete ‎block design with three replications at the research greenhouse of ‎faculty of agriculture ‎and natural resources, university of mohaghegh ardabili during 2022. the ‎experimental ‎factors were included salinity in three levels (without salinity as control, ‎salinity of 40 and 80 mm by nacl), ‎application of bio-organic fertilizers in four levels ‎‎(no application as control, application of vermicompost, ‎mycorrhiza, application of ‎vermicompost and mycorrhiza), foliar application of putrescine and nano zinc oxide ‎in ‎four levels (foliar application with water as control, foliar application of 0.4 g.l-1 nano ‎zinc oxide, 0.8 mm ‎putrescine, foliar application of nano zinc oxide and putrescine). the ‎results showed that maximum of grain ‎filling period and effective grain filling period ‎‎(41.3 and 32.4 days, respectively) were obtained in no salinity ‎and application of ‎stress modulators. on the other hand, there were an increase about 15.3 and 21.3% in ‎grain ‎filling period and effective grain filling period, respectively at the highest salinity ‎level and stress modulators ‎application in comparison with control. also, application of ‎stress modulators in the highest salinity level ‎increased maximum of grain weight and ‎grain filling rate (46.8 and 15.7%, respectively) and grain yield ‎‎(34.2%) in ‎comparison with no application of stress modulators at the same level of salinity levels. ‎based on the ‎results, it seems that the application of stress modulators can increase the ‎grain yield of barley under salinity ‎stress due to improving grain filling components.‎