importance of the number of radicles in determining the normal seedlings of corn seeds

Maize (zea mays l.) is a worldwide significant grain, forage, and energy crop producing high-quality hybrid seeds is a cornerstone of successful agriculture and can comprehensively enhance modern agricultural development (li et al., 2024). seed quality arises from various factors, but germination ability, vigor, longevity, and seed health are among the most critical aspects of seed quality and play a crucial role in determining it (powell, 2022). higher quality and more vigorous seeds germinate better, produce healthy seedlings, and generate stronger seedlings when faced with environmental stresses (demir et al., 2004). proper germination and seedling establishment are fundamentally determining factor in plant yield germination and seedling establishment directly and indirectly depend on numerous conditions such as the biological characteristics of the seed, storage and preservation conditions, soil environmental conditions on the mother plant, and pre-sowing management practices applied to the seed (tatari et al., 2020).this study aimed to investigate the impact of the number of radicles on various characteristics of hybrid maize seedlings.