electrochemical determination of amlodipine using gdtb(wo4)3 nanoparticles modified carbon-paste electrode

Abstract: amlodipine, as a calcium channel blocker, is used to treat coronary artery illnesses, high blood pressure, angina, and chest pain [1]. however, overdosages of amlodipine can lead to shock, hypotension, dyspepsia, kidney and liver damage, and increase the risk of heart attack [2]. therefore, a sensitive platform is required for monitoring amlodipine in biological and pharmacological matrixes. in this regard, the main objective of the present investigation is development of a novel, sensitive, and simple electrochemical method for the online monitoring of amlodipine in human plasma and urine samples. for this purpose a carbon paste electrode modified with gdtb(wo4)3 nanoparticles and differential pulse voltammetry (dpv) and cyclic voltammetry (cv) were applied. based on the obtained electrochemical results from, the designed electrode showed an excellent sensitivity and enhanced oxidation peak current of amlodipine. in comparison with other techniques, electrochemical methods show some important advantages such as short response-time, cost-effectiveness and easy operation, which make them suitable analytical methods for detecting trace levels of a target molecule [3]. the proposed nanomaterials, synthesized through the precipitation method, and the modification of electrode were characterized morphologically and structurally by field emission scanning electron microscopy (fesem), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (hr-tem), zeta potential analysis, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir). analytical variables such as gdtb(wo4)3 volumes in electrode, scan rates, and ph values were also optimized. under optimal conditions, the designed electrochemical method was applied for the determination of different concentrations of amlodipine in plasma and urine samples. a linear range covering from 0.2 to 3.5 μm along with a detection limit of 10 nm and the relative standard deviation (rsd) of 4.12% was successfully obtained