grounding causality on modality in the context of gelenbevī

Ismā'īl gelenbevī (d. 1205/1791) is an important logician, theologian, metaphysician, mathematician, natural philosopher, as well as a significant lecturer in the classical madrasas and modern engineering schools in the ottoman empire. in his miftāḥ bāb al-muwajjahāt, gelenbevī presents noteworthy discussions regarding the logical origins and analyzes of the questions related to modal concepts (al-muwajjahāt) of the classical logic, i.e. necessity, possibility, and impossibility. this work also includes many discussions that may be associated with metaphysics and physics in the context of modal logic. gelenbevī, on many occasions, attempts to contact the grounding of metaphysics and physics on the modal concepts to make discussions more clear and more arguable. gelenbevī's statements on the significance of the above discussions are as follows: 'be aware of these investigations and be master of them, and do not neglect them.' gelenbevi, then, adds that once someone has a problem in his understanding of the questions regarding scholars' investigations of the modal concepts, the works also contain the solutions to the problems.the focus of the present paper will be on gelenbevī's approach to the idea of causality within the framework of modal concepts, which he investigates as part of his discussion related to the relationship between possible and necessary existences. gelenbevī's discussion in this regard is embodied in two main points: first, he deals with the freedom question in the context of human actions and focuses on the role of human beings in their own actions. second, he concentrates on the causality of natural things in order to reveal the modal background of the subject. the present work will focus on understanding gelenbevī, and how he grounded the causality of human actions and natural things on the model notions. this will not only reveal a much better sense in relation to the debates conducted by earlier scholars but also allow us to discuss the current causality debates in a more developed form.