human and citizens' rights in the mahdavi government: a juridical and legal analysis of foundations, types of rights, challenges, and guarantees within the framework of islamic constitutional law

The present research is conducted with the aim of formulating a comprehensive and systematic framework for analyzing human and citizens' rights in the mahdawi or mahdist government, employing a mixed methodology (ijtihadi-inferential and analytical-critical comparison). the central question is: how do the juridical-legal foundations, types, challenges, and guarantee mechanisms of these rights in the government of imam mahdi create a distinct and alternative model against the dominant paradigm of secular human rights? the research findings indicate that rights in this government are established under the theory of shiite imamate and based on the ontological foundations of inherent human dignity (al-isra: 70) and ontological-legislative justice. this legal system, centered on simultaneous right-duty, offers an integrated constellation of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. its realization is guaranteed not through secular institutions, but via innovative mechanisms such as bayʿa (allegiance) as a covenant of responsible and continuous governance, structured public oversight based on the obligation of commanding right and forbidding wrong, the system of just distribution of anfāl (public wealth) and natural resources, and infallible adjudication. while critiquing the theoretical and methodological gaps in previous studies, this research argues that the mahdavi government, as the supreme objective manifestation of the rule of sharia law, is not merely an ideal model but a benchmark and an inspiring source for reforming existing legal systems (with a case study of the constitutional law of the islamic republic of iran). furthermore, it possesses the capacity to establish an independent discourse in the field of islamic constitutional law.