بررسی علل شکل گیری تمدن های باستانی در داخل و خارج از ایران

ظهور ﺗﻤﺪن هنگامی اﻣﻜﺎنﭘﺬﯾﺮ اﺳﺖ که هرج و ﻣﺮج و ﻧﺎاﻣﻨﻲ ﭘﺎﯾﺎن ﭘﺬﯾﺮفته ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، چون ﻓﻘﻂ هنگام از ﺑﯿﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ ﺗﺮس اﺳﺖ که ﻛﻨﺠﻜﺎوی و اﺣﺘﯿﺎج به اﺑﺪاع و اﺧﺘﺮاع به ﻛﺎر ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ و اﻧﺴﺎن ﺧﻮد را ﺗﺴﻠﯿﻢ ﻏﺮﯾﺰه ای ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ که او را به ﺷﻜﻞ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﻲ به راه ﻛﺴﺐ ﻋﻠﻢ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ و تهیه وﺳﺎﯾﻞ بهبود زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﻮق می دهد ﺗﻤﺪن ﺗﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻮاﻣﻠﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ اﺳﺖ که ﯾﺎ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﺴﺮﯾﻊ در ﺣﺮﻛﺖ آن ﻣﻲﺷﻮد، ﯾﺎ آن را از ﺳﯿﺮی که در ﭘﯿﺶ دارد ﺑﺎزﻣﻲدارد. اﮔﺮ در زﻣﯿﻨﻲ ﻣﻮاد ﻛﺎﻓﻲ و ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻏﺬاﯾﻲ ﻓﺮاوان ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، اﮔﺮ رودﺧﺎنه ها ﺳﺒﺐ تسهیل وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﺣﻤﻞ و ﻧﻘﻞ ﺷﻮد، اﮔﺮ ﺑﺮﯾﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ به اﻧﺪازه ای ﺑﺎﺷﺪ که کشتی های ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﻲ به سهولت ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ در آن ﺳﻮاﺣﻞ ﻟﻨﮕﺮ اﻧﺪازﻧﺪ، و ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮه اﮔﺮ ﻣﻠﺘﻲ، ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ملت های آﺗﻦ، ﻛﺎرﺗﺎژ، ﻓﻠﻮراﻧﺲ و وﻧﯿﺰ، در ﻣﻌﺒﺮ ﺧﻄﻮط ﺑﺰرگ ﻣﻮاﺻﻼت جهانی ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮفته ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، در آن ﺻﻮرت، ﻣﻲﺗﻮان ﮔﻔﺖ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﯿﺎﯾﻲ، که به تنهاﯾﻲ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﺳﺎزﻧﺪه ﺗﻤﺪن ﺑﺎﺷﺪ، به ﭼﻨﯿﻦ ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻨﻲ ﻟﺒﺨﻨﺪ ﻣﻲزﻧﺪ، و ﻣﻠﺘﻲ که در آن ﺳﻜﻮﻧﺖ دارد آزادانه ﭘﯿﺶ ﻣﻲرود و ﺗﺮﻗﻲ می کند. نخستین ﻗﺪم در راه ﺗﻤﺪن، ﻛﺸﺎورزی اﺳﺖ، و ﻓﻘﻂ هنگاﻣﻲ که اﻧﺴﺎن در ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻨﻲ، به ﻗﺼﺪ ﻛﺸﺎورزی در آن، و ذﺧﯿﺮه ﻛﺮدن ﻏﺬا ﺑﺮای روز ﻣﺒﺎدای ﺧﻮد، ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﺷﻮد و آتیه ﺧﻮد را ﺗاﻣﯿﻦ ﻛﻨﺪ ﻓﺮاغﺧﺎﻃﺮ و اﺣﺘﯿﺎج به ﻣﺘﻤﺪن ﺷﺪن را اﺣﺴﺎس ﺧﻮاهد ﻛﺮد، هنگاﻣﻲ که در ﭘﻨﺎه ﭼﻨﯿﻦ اﻣﻨﯿﺘﻲ، از ﺣﯿﺚ آب و ﺧﻮراک، ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ، به ﻓﻜﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻦ کلبه و ﻣﻌﺒﺪ و ﻣﺪرسه ﻣﻲاﻓﺘﺪ، آن گاه ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ اﺳﺒﺎب هایی اﺧﺘﺮاع ﻛﻨﺪ که ﻧﯿﺮوی ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ او را ﻓﺰوﻧﻲ ﺑﺨﺸﺪ، ﯾﺎ ﺳﮓ و ﺧﺮ و ﺧﻮک را اهلی ﻛﻨﺪ، و ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮه به ﻓﻜﺮ اهلی ﻛﺮدن ﺧﻮﯾﺶ و ﺗﺴﻠﻂ ﺑﺮ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺑﺮآﯾﺪ و راه آن را ﭘﯿﺪا ﻛﻨﺪ که ﺑﺎ ﻧﻈﻢ و آهنگی ﻛﺎرهای ﺧﻮد را اﻧﺠﺎم دهد و ﻣﺪت بیش تری ﺑﺮ روی زﻣﯿﻦ زﯾﺴﺖ ﻛﻨﺪ، و ﻓﺮﺻﺖ آن را به دﺳﺖ آورد ﺗﺎ ﻣﯿﺮاث ﻓﺮهنگی و اﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻧﮋاد ﺧﻮﯾﺶ را ﺑﺮای نسل های آﯾﻨﺪه ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﮔﺬارد وﻗﺘﻲ ﻓﺮهنگ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ به ﺣﺪ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﻲ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ، ﻓﻜﺮ ﻛﺸﺎورزی ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ میﺷﻮد، و تنها فکر ﺗﻤﺪن اﺳﺖ که اﻧﺴﺎن را به ﻓﻜﺮ اﯾﺠﺎد ﻣﺪینه و شهر می اندازد. تاﺛﯿﺮی که ﻧﮋاد در ﺗﻤﺪن دارد اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ که ﭘﯿﺪاﯾﺶ آن ﻏﺎلبا ﭘﺲ از زﻣﺎﻧﻲ اﺳﺖ که ریشه های ﻧﮋادی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎ یک دﯾﮕﺮ ﻣﻲآﻣﯿﺰﻧﺪ و به تدریج ﻣﻠﺘﻲ که به ﺻﻮرت ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺗﺠﺎﻧﺴﻲ دارد از آن ﻣﯿﺎن ﺑﯿﺮون می آید. از ﺑﯿﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ اﯾﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ و ﺣﺘﻲ ﮔﺎهی ﻓﻘﺪان ﯾﻜﻲ از آن ها ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺳﺒﺐ اﻧﻘﺮاض ﺗﻤﺪن ﺷﻮد: اﻧﻘﻼب زمین شناختی ﺷﺪﯾﺪ ﯾﺎ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻋﻈﯿﻢ وﺿﻊ آب و هوا، ﺑﯿﻤﺎری همه گیری که ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی آن از اﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﺑﺸﺮ ﺧﺎرج اﺳﺖ و ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺮدم را از ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻲﺑﺮد همان ﮔﻮنه که در روم ﻗﺪﯾﻢ در زﻣﺎن ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ آﻧﺘﻮنی ها اﺗﻔﺎق اﻓﺘﺎد ﯾﺎ ﻣﺮگ ﺳﯿﺎه (ﻃﺎﻋﻮن) که ﻋﺎﻣﻞ اﺳﺎﺳﻲ از ﺑﯿﻦ رﻓﺘﻦ دوره ﻣﻠﻮک اﻟﻄﻮاﯾﻔﻲ اروﭘﺎ ﮔﺮدﯾﺪ، اﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎر ﺑﯿﺶ از اﻧﺪازه زﻣﯿﻦ دهات به وسیله ﻣﺮدﻣﻲ که در شهر زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ و به اﻣﯿﺪ ﻗﻮت و ﻏﺬاﯾﻲ که از ﺧﺎرج به آن ها ﻣﻲرﺳﺪ به ﺳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﻧﺪ، ﻧﻘﺼﺎن ﻣﻮاد ﻃﺒﯿﻌﻲ از ﻗﺒﯿﻞ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻮاد ﺧﺎم، ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﯿﺮ راه-های ﺑﺎزرﮔﺎﻧﻲ به ﮔﻮنه ای که ﻛﺸﻮری را در ﺑﯿﺮون راه های ﺗﺠﺎرﺗﻲ جهاﻧﻲ ﻗﺮار دهد، اﻧﺤﻄﺎط ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﯾﺎ اﺧﻼﻗﻲ که در نتیجه زﯾﺴﺘﻦ در شهرهای ﭘﺮ از لهو و ﻟﻌﺐ و وﺳﺎﯾﻞ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻚ اﻋﺼﺎب دﺳﺖ ﻣﻲدهد، ﯾﺎ نتیجه ﭘﺸﺖ ﭘﺎ زدن به اﺻﻮل ﻗﺪیمی اﺳﺖ که زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺮدم ﺑﺮ آن ﺟﺮﯾﺎن داشته، ﺑﺪون آن که ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ اﺻﻮل ﺟﺪﯾﺪی ﺟﺎﻧﺸﯿﻦ آن ﺳﺎزند.

investigating the causes of the formation of ancient civilizations inside and outside of iran

the emergence of civilization is possible when chaos and insecurity have ended, because it is only when fear disappears that curiosity and the need for innovation and invention come into play and human beings surrender to their instincts that naturally lead them to the way to acquire science and knowledge and provide means to improve life drives civilization. it is a function of several factors that either accelerate its movement or stop it from progressing ahead. if, if it is in the field of materials and productivity, if the rivers are facilitated, if it is not possible, if it is to the extent that the boat is to be. they can be used in it, and if i can, if i like the nations of athens, carthage, florence and venice, it is located at the crossing of the great lines of global communication, in that case, it can be said that the geographical factor, which alone cannot be the creator of civilization, laughs at such a land, and the nation in which settlement is progressing freely and progressing. the first step on the way to civilization is agriculture, and only when a person settles in the land, with the intention of farming it, and stores food for the day of his birth, and secures his future, he will feel the need to become civilized. when he is in such a safe shelter, in terms of food and water, he thinks of building a hut, a temple, and a school, then he can invent tools that will increase his production power, or dogs, pigs, and pigs. tame it, and finally come to the thought of taming yourself and mastering yourself and find the way to do your work with order and rhythm and live longer on earth, and get the opportunity. in order to leave the cultural and moral heritage of his race for the future generations, when the general culture reaches a certain level, the idea of agriculture is produced, and it is only the idea of civilization that makes people think of creating medina and city. the effect that race has on civilization is that its origin is often after a time when different racial roots mix with each other and gradually a nation that has a relatively prosperous state emerges from it. the disappearance of these factors and sometimes even the absence of one of them may cause the extinction of civilization: a severe geological revolution or a great change in the climate, an epidemic disease that cannot be prevented and kills half of the people. it reveals the same way that happened in ancient rome during the reign of the antonines or the black death (plague), which was the main cause of the destruction of the european tribal monarchy, the investment of more than the size of rural land by the people who live in the city. they do and in the hope of the power and food that comes to them from outside, they survive the lack of natural materials such as fuel or raw materials, the change of the route of the trade routes in a way that puts the country outside the world trade routes, the decline. the intellectual or moral that is lost as a result of living in cities full of pranks and means of stimulating the nerves, or it is the result of stepping behind the old principles that people's lives have flowed on, without being able to replace it with new principles.