environmental cost-benefit analysis of seawater desalination plants to blue economy development in the persian gulf

The blue economy refers to economic activities based on the sustainable exploitation of marine resources. it is expanding throughout the world increasingly and is expected to grow more than before. although it is necessary for coastal countries such as iran, some concerns exist. local societies, primarily threatened groups, face adverse environmental consequences from its growth. this study conducted a comprehensive literature review focusing on the impact of seawater desalination plants on fresh water supply. the findings show that the persian gulf is a rich source for the neighboring countries economies and creates significant economic opportunities. however, the seawater desalination plants (sdps), by releasing effluents with high temperature and salinity, pose a substantial challenge to the marine ecosystem and, ultimately, blue economy development in the persian gulf region. the spds generate toxic brine with high concentrations of trace metals that are harmful to marine organisms. they can lead to ecosystem degradation. moreover, they can increase fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions if they do not use renewable energy sources. despite the desalination process being expensive, the undeniable advantages include improved water security and economic opportunities. the main goal of the blue economy is to balance ocean health with economic activity, ensuring long-term capacity to meet economic, social, and environmental challenges. addressing these challenges requires a multi-stakeholder approach. this study illuminates the effects of coastal seawater desalination on the marine environment and ocean health. it broadens existing knowledge with case studies and managerial implications. the originality of this research lies in its comprehensive approach, which considers both solutions and environmental considerations.