proteomics methodology, concepts and applications in biomarker discovery

Protein biomarkers with specific biological functions have had an essential role in cancerdiagnosis and medical consideration. with the recent progress in proteomics methodology,thousands of protein biomarker candidates have been introduced for various disease conditions.for this purpose, different sample origins, including blood, sera, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, stoolsamples, and tissue biopsies can be employed. however, they should be pretreated and purifiedwith proper methods to improve the selectivity and sensitivity of the analysis and remove thecontaminants. ultimately, the purified samples are investigated by several essential proteomicsprocedures to identify the specific protein. in this review, the recent progress in the proteinbiomarker discovery, verification, and validation phases are studied. also, their conventionaltechniques, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed.