whale optimization algorithms based fractionalorder fuzzy pid controller for depth of anesthesia

Depth of anesthesia (doa) control is a crucial aspect of surgical procedures. a significant challenge lies in countering the uncertainty and nonlinearity of the system, attributed to the varying physiological parameters of individual patients, and ensuring the doa remains within the desired range throughout the surgery. in this study, we introduce and compare the performance of a fractional order fuzzy pid controller (fofpid) and a fractional order pid controller (fopid) to address this issue. the whale optimization algorithm (woa) is employed to fine-tune the parameters of these proposed controllers, including determining the optimal orders for the derivative and integral components of the fractional controller. our findings suggest that the fofpid outperforms the fopid in maintaining doa. the controllers’ efficacy, especially in the face of system uncertainty, was further assessed using the physiological models of 8 different patients. these models were grounded in the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic framework. the presented results underscore the effectiveness of the proposed approach.