evaluating key molecular methods for cancer diagnosis in veterinary medicine

With the continuous advancement of technology, a variety of molecular techniques, including omics-based approaches and molecular imaging, have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional pathology and histopathology methods. these molecular techniques facilitate a more comprehensive evaluation of tumors, encompassing key aspects such as invasiveness, subtype classification, prognosis, metabolic activity, therapeutic response, identification of tumorigenic genes or metabolites, and delineation of tumor resection margins. through advanced methods such as dna and rna sequencing, gene expression profiling, and metabolite tracking, it is now possible to simultaneously acquire vast amounts of data from a single cell or organism. the study of numerous genes, transcripts (mrna), proteins, and metabolites in parallel is referred to as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, respectively. among the most prominent techniques within the omics framework are comparative genomic hybridization (cgh) array, whole exome sequencing, microarray, and sds-page. these techniques are applied to determine copy alteration number (can), analyze exon sequence variations, perform gene expression profiling (gep), and conduct two-dimensional protein separation, respectively. in molecular imaging, specific ligands are labeled to bind to receptors or markers on the cell surface, enabling targeted imaging. magnetic resonance imaging (mri) and bioluminescence imaging (bli) are two widely used molecular imaging modalities in veterinary medicine. given the rising prevalence of companion animals, urbanization has increasingly exposed these animals to carcinogenic factors. it is anticipated that continued research efforts will enhance veterinary oncology databases, establishing them as invaluable resources for researchers in this field.