the role of saccharomyces boulardii in promoting human immunity

Saccharomyces boulardii, a probiotic yeast with extensive health benefits, is valuable for the food and medical industries. this study aims to highlight the immunomodulatory effects of s. boulardii, especially in gastrointestinal and systemic inflammatory conditions. s. boulardii employs multiple mechanisms to protect against microbial pathogens. this yeast reduces bacterial adhesion in the human intestine by capturing them like e. coli and salmonella on its surface. it also modulates the adhesion of candida glabrata. additionally, s. boulardii decreases the viability of pathogens, e.g. listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus aureus. furthermore, s. boulardii modulates the gut microbiome by reducing intestinal permeability, alleviating anxiety-like behaviors via hpa axis modulation, and upregulating serotonin transporter (sert) through epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) activation. these actions improve liver function, reduce stress, and regulate gut motility. s. boulardii boosts mucosal immunity by stimulating secretory iga (siga) production and enhancing phagocytic activity in immune cells. additionally, it increases the number and activity of küpffer cells and other phagocytic cells, aiding in the elimination of pathogens like e. coli.. s. boulardii preserves the intestinal barrier by mitigating “leaky gut,” countering nsaid-induced enteropathy, down-regulating αvβ5 integrin signaling, and modulating gut microbiota to increase short-chain fatty acids, reducing inflammation and supporting barrier integrity. s. boulardii exhibits notable anti-inflammatory properties and mitigates gastrointestinal inflammation by increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., tgf-β), reducing proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., tnf-α, il-6), enhancing mucosal healing (via il-8, tgf-β), inhibiting the nf-κb pathway, modulating map kinases, and activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (ppar-γ) to protect against gut inflammation and ibd. in conclusion, s. boulardii is a distinctive probiotic for enhancing overall immune health. it promotes mucosal immunity, modulates cytokine profiles, improves gut microbiota balance, reduces pathogen adhesion, increases phagocytic activity, preserves intestinal barrier integrity, and boosts antioxidant enzyme activities.