climate change, a threat to the success of bacterial infection treatment in aquaculture

Aquaculture can be a solution to ensuring food security of people in many countries, and global warming is a threat to this industry. raising temperature can increase antibiotic resistance by accelerating the emergence of antibiotic resistance genes. high temperature affects cell physiology in bacteria in the same way as antibiotics. for instance, aminoglycosides can cause ribosomal mistranslation leading to protein misfolding similar to unfolded proteins caused by high temperature. as a result, mutations conferring resistance to temperature stress can result in resistance to antibiotics. in addition, in most of the pathogenic bacteria associated with aquaculture, high temperature increases the expression level of virulence factors involved in biofilm formation and thus increases the ability of biofilm formation. biofilm shields bacteria from antibiotics and chemical disinfectants, causing persistent infections. besides, adhesion and biofilm formation is the first step in the colonization of surfaces and pathogenesis of bacteria. therefore, it is necessary to act against climate change. and in the meantime, solutions must be found to counter the negative effects of global warming, such as the use of alternative treatments for bacterial infections.