the effect of gut microbiome on animal immune system and resistance to infectious diseases

This review aims to investigate the influence of the gut microbiome on the immune system in animals, focusing on how gut microbial populations contribute to immune regulation and resistance to infectious diseases. the goal is to provide insights into the mechanisms by which the microbiota modulates immune responses and how this relationship can be harnessed to improve disease resistance. a thorough review of recent literature was conducted, examining studies that explore the interaction between the gut microbiome and the immune system in animals. experimental studies, including those using probiotics, fecal transplants, and analyses of animals under disease conditions, were reviewed. special emphasis was placed on how microbial metabolites, immune cell regulation, and microbial diversity impact immune functionality and disease outcomes. studies that focused on the microbiome’s role in immune system priming and response to vaccination were also considered. the gut microbiome plays a critical role in regulating both innate and adaptive immunity in animals. gut microbes were found to influence the development of immune cells such as t cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as the production of immune mediators like cytokines. microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, were identified as key modulators of immune cell function. animals with a healthy, diverse microbiome exhibited stronger immune responses and higher resistance to infectious diseases, whereas those with dysbiosis showed weakened immunity and increased susceptibility to infections. probiotic treatments and fecal microbiota transplants have been shown to restore microbial balance, enhance immune defenses, and improve vaccine efficacy. the gut microbiome has a profound effect on the immune system, enhancing resistance to infectious diseases through the modulation of immune responses. interventions aimed at restoring and maintaining microbial diversity may provide promising strategies for boosting immune health and disease resistance in animals. further research is needed to pinpoint specific microbial species and metabolites that can be targeted for therapeutic purposes.