an overview of foot-and-mouth disease virus

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an aphtovirus of the picornaviridae family and the cause of the most important animal disease from an economic point of view. fmd virions are non-enveloped particles with icosahedral symmetry, and their genome is a single-stranded rna with positive polarity. fmd affects cloven-hoofed animals (including cattle, sheep, goats and pigs). vesicles of the virus are created especially in the epithelium around the mouth, feet and mammary glands. fmdv was grouped into seven serological types named a, o, c, asia 1, sat1, sat2 and sat3 and some serotypes have a restricted geographical distribution, e.g. asia-1, whereas others, notably serotype o, occur in many different regions. antigenic variants cause the emergence of new variants and even the emergence of new subtypes in each strain. the resistance of foot-and-mouth disease virus changes in environmental conditions and causes irreversible diseases such as mastitis-breast blindness, which leads to a severe decrease in milk and sometimes stops milk production, and causes other complications such as abortion and reproductive system damage. the transmission of the foot and mouth disease virus is through direct and indirect ways. the most important and main method of transmission is the direct method, that is, the contact of an infected animal with a sensitive animal. animal carriers are one of the most important epidemiological factors of the disease, the survival of the disease in one area and its transfer from one place to another. this disease, along with other factors such as the speed of spread and the severity of the infection, is considered one of the most important viral diseases of livestock. in our country, this disease is the most important factor threatening livestock and livestock products, and it is considered the first livestock disease on the list of fighting livestock diseases. this study deals with the importance of epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenic mechanisms and control of fmd.