a review of antimicrobial resistance in dogs, cats and pet owners

The presence of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes in bacteria allows them to survive and cause infections. similar use of antibiotics in humans and small animals increases the transmission risk of antibiotic-resistant bacteria between them so emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria in animals and humans is a big concern. we gathered information from articles in this regard using ai and google scholar. bacteria such as staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus pseudointermedius, escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella and various toxins and virulence factors including, trat, tsh, sea, seb, see, expa, expb, cnf1 and resistance genes such as teta, citm, flor, sull, meca, cmla tested with various antibiotics including ampicillin, penicillin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, amoxicillin, amikacin, erythromycin, tetracycline, lincomycin, with methods such as disc antibiogram and polymerase chain reactions (pcr) were studied from 2009 until now (2024). the studies were conducted in various cities including: ahvaz, kerman, shiraz, tehran, isfahan, zabul, etc. in which samples of urine, feces, nose, etc. were collected. based on place of research and bacteria, most reported resistance is as followed: e.coli was resistant to tetracycline and erythromycin(kerman), ampicillin (shiraz), gentamicin(shahrekord)؛ salmonella showed resistance to gentamicin (tehran), cotrimoxazole (zabol), ampicillin (isfahan)؛ staphylococcus: amoxicillin, ampicillin, penicillin (isfahan)؛ bordetella: ampicillin (tehran)؛ enterococcus: streptomycin (ahwaz)؛ pseudomonas in pyoderma was resistant to: penicillin (mashhad)؛ helicobacter showed resistance to: metronidazole (west azerbaijan) so it is recommended to determine antibiotic sensitivity when treatment is unsuccessful.