the role of exosomes derived from stem cells in the recovery and treatment of neurological disorders

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that are essential for intercellular communication and carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. this review aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of exosome-based therapies derived from various stem cell sources to address neurological disorders. exosomes are secreted by various cell types, including stem cells, and are involved in several physiological and pathological processes. their composition can vary significantly depending on the source cells and environmental conditions under which they are produced. mesenchymal stem cell (msc)-derived exosomes have shown promise for the treatment of various neurological disorders because of their ability to secrete neuroprotective factors and modulate immune responses. exosomes derived from mscs have been shown to reduce inflammation, promote neuronal survival, and enhance tissue repair in models of neurodegeneration. neural stem cell (nsc)-derived exosomes possess an inherent ability to differentiate into neurons and glial cells. the exosomes released by nscs are rich in neurotrophic factors that support neuronal growth and survival. studies have indicated that nsc-derived exosomes can improve cognitive function and protect against cell death in animal models of alzheimer’s disease. exosome-based therapies for neurological disorders have therapeutic effects owing to their anti-inflammatory properties, neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. they inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines, promote an anti-inflammatory environment, and protect neurons from apoptosis through signaling pathways and transfer of protective proteins or mirnas. furthermore, exosomal cargo can stimulate neural stem cells and enhance neurogenesis, aiding recovery from nerve injury and neurodegenerative diseases. the ability of exosomes to cross the blood-brain barrier boosts their potential as delivery vehicles for central nervous system therapies. ongoing research may pave the way for new treatments that harness the body s innate ability to heal itself, offering hope for patients with debilitating neurological conditions.