emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in iran: a comprehensive review

Parasitic and viral diseases remain a major public health challenge in iran, with a notable increase in both emerging and re-emerging infections. this review synthesizes recent findings on key infectious diseases. it aims to provide a comprehensive overview of these diseases, their epidemiology, and the strategies employed to manage them. a thorough literature search was conducted using databases such as pubmed, scopus, and google scholar. studies published between 2013 and 2024 were meticulously reviewed. data were extracted to offer a detailed overview of current trends and challenges. dengue fever has emerged as a significant health concern in southeastern iran, with a rising incidence of cases and an increasing number of reported infections. studies document a high prevalence of dengue antibodies among febrile patients, indicating widespread exposure. the complexity of diagnosing and controlling dengue fever in iran emphasizes the need for enhanced surveillance and research. cutaneous leishmaniasis has seen a resurgence in several rural areas of iran. studies discuss the operational challenges and management strategies for controlling outbreaks, highlighting the importance of vector control, early diagnosis, and public education in managing the disease. hemorrhagic fever, including crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf), has become a growing concern. although data from recent studies are limited, there is an increasing incidence of hemorrhagic fever in iran. fascioliasis, caused by the liver fluke fasciola hepatica and fasciola gigantica, is becoming more prevalent. studies emphasize the need for improved diagnostic tools and control measures, especially in livestock, which are crucial for preventing zoonotic transmission. iran faces significant challenges with both emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. to mitigate their impact, enhanced surveillance, improved diagnostic tools, and robust control strategies are essential. continued research and collaboration between public health authorities, researchers, and communities will be vital in developing comprehensive approaches to managing these infections.