echinococcus granulosus vaccine development: current status and future directions

Echinococcus granulosus is one of the most common parasitic diseases among humans, animals, which leads to hydatid cyst and its lesions cause death. the ways to treat this disease are surgery and drug therapy, and according to meta-analyses, it has problems such as side effects, recurrence and even death. prevention of this disease is helped by vaccines. a comprehensive search was conducted using various search engines and online databases, including elsevier, web of science, springer and pubmed to identify relevant studies on echinococcus granulosus vaccine development. a total of 91 papers were collected and analyzed to identify those focused on recombinant vaccines for echinococcus granulosus. papers utilizing e-s antigens or other antigens were excluded from the study.studying the metabolism and biology of the parasite to select antigens is one of the preliminary measures for making a vaccine against intelligent pathogens such as echinococcus granulosus. multi-epitope vaccines, which mainly consist of epitopes related to different antigens, are the chosen method for making vaccines. this parasite can have more than one species as a host and create a different morphological structure in each host, in this way it can escape from the host s immune system. molecular docking by predicting the spatial relationships of molecules examines the possibility of forming a stable complex, in addition to making a vaccine in oral form, a salmonella strain is used as a vector for a protein expressed by echinococcus granulosus, which aims to reduce the growth of worms and eggs.  echinococcus granulosus is endemic in our country, and health preventions aren’t 100% effective, so the development of a vaccine can play a good role in prevention.