the role of acrylamide and its mechanisms on cell structure and cytotoxicity in the central nervous system

Acrylamide forms in high-carbohydrate foods during high-temperature cooking, such as frying or baking, and is concerning because of its potential neurotoxic effects on the central nervous system (cns). this review aimed to explore the role of acrylamide and its mechanisms in cell structure and cytotoxicity in the cns. the formation of acrylamide occurs via the maillard reaction, which involves the reaction between sugars and amino acids, specifically asparagine. acrylamide and its metabolites induce oxidative stress in neuronal cells through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros), which can lead to lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, and dna damage. the resulting oxidative damage can compromise the cell integrity and function. acrylamide is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and can cross the blood-brain barrier. in the cns, it is metabolized by cytochrome p450 enzymes to glycidamide, a reactive compound that interacts with proteins and dna. acrylamide exposure activates microglia, causing neuroinflammation marked by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can worsen neuronal injury and contribute to neurodegeneration. it also disrupts calcium homeostasis, thereby affecting neurotransmitter release and synaptic plasticity. additionally, acrylamide may alter the activity of key signaling molecules, including those involved in apoptosis, further contributing to cell death. prolonged exposure to acrylamide can trigger apoptotic pathways in neuronal cells by activating caspases and various pro-apoptotic factors that ultimately lead to programmed cell death. the loss of neurons can have profound effects on brain function and may contribute to cognitive deficits observed in animal models exposed to high levels of acrylamide. in summary, acrylamide poses a significant risk to neuronal health through multiple mechanisms that lead to cellular damage and cytotoxicity in the cns. understanding these pathways not only highlights the importance of dietary choices but also informs public health strategies aimed at mitigating exposure to this neurotoxicant.