organoids as a standardized model for infection biology in gastrointestinal tract

Bacterial infections have significant challenges for human health, but suitable invitro 3d models capable of replacing animal models remain limited. the animal prototypes have significant inter-individual variation with ethical concerns. 3d cell culture system bridges the gap between traditional 2d cultures and in vivo studies. organoids and spheroids are routine representative for study. regarding to gastrointestinal tract, an ideal model would need to feature a surface composed of differentiated cells that exposed to gastric or intestinal pathogens. mucosoids are gastric stem cell-driven cultures that are cultivated on trans-wells at air–liquid interface. this organoid like structure is a suitable model for study the pathophysiology and antimicrobial properties of helicobacter pylori, as a stomach pathogen. small intestine derived spheroids are suitable 3d model applied in infection research to study interactions between intestine and microbes like campylobacter jejuni bacteria.