advances in veterinary antivirals: current and emerging therapies for viral infections in small animals

The increasing incidence of viral infections in small animals necessitates the development and application of effective veterinary antivirals. this study reviews the current landscape of antiviral agents used in the treatment of common viral diseases in small animals, particularly focusing on dogs and cats. notable viral pathogens include canine parvovirus (cpv), feline leukemia virus (felv), feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv), and canine distemper virus (cdv). key antiviral medications discussed include nucleoside analogs like famciclovir, commonly used to treat feline herpesvirus infections, and protease inhibitors such as ritonavir, utilized off-label for various viral conditions. the mechanism of action, therapeutic efficacy, dosage regimens, and potential side effects of these antivirals are examined. additionally, the study highlights the challenges of antiviral resistance, the pharmacokinetics in different species, and the limited availability of species-specific antiviral drugs. emphasis is placed on the need for more robust clinical trials and the development of new antivirals that target a broader range of viruses with higher specificity and reduced side effects. the review also explores emerging therapies, such as antiviral peptides and immunomodulators, that show promise in preclinical studies. the study underscores the importance of integrated approaches combining vaccination, antiviral therapy, and supportive care to manage and prevent viral infections in small animals effectively. this comprehensive analysis aims to inform veterinary practitioners and researchers about the current and future directions of antiviral therapy in small-animal veterinary medicine, ultimately enhancing the health and well-being of companion animals.