immunotherapy of cancers by parasites antigenes

Cancer remains a significant global health issue, despite advances in screening and treatment. parasites and cancers have some common antigens. an adverse relationship between some parasite infections and cancer in the human population has been reported by different researchers. anticancer activity of some parasites such as trypanosoma cruzi, toxoplasma gondii, toxocara canis, acantamoeba castellani and plasmodium yoelii has been shown in experimental animals. the larval stage of the tapeworm echinococcus granulosus, trypanosoma cruzy, plasmodium s, and trichinella spiralis are among the parasites that have been subjects of anti-cancer research in the last decades. anti-tumor effects of parasites may be due to via immune and non-immune mechanisms or direct impact of the parasites per se or indirectly due to the immune response raised against common antigens between malignant cells and parasites. some can reverse the immunosuppressive state of tumor microenvironment and inhibit tumor angiogenesis, and its components profilin, rop and gra can also inhibit tumor progression through multiple immune and non-immune pathways. some strains can kill tumor cells either by preferentially invading tumor cells or by activating t cells. more importantly, multiple specific components of tccrt exert anti-tumor effects in multiple aspects. as a representative, tccrt not only promotes antigen presentation of dendritic cells, but also plays an important role in anti-angiogenesis. therefore, parasite antigens may be candidates for cancer immunotherapy in the future.