cancer immunotherapy in canine patients

Cancer is one of the most important causes of death worldwide. tumors related to epithelial tissue are the most common neoplasm in dogs. transmissible venereal tumors, mammary gland tumors, spleen cancers, skin tumors, lymph nodes cancers, eye cancer and epulis are the most common malignant tumors in dogs. there are many approaches to treat cancer patients such as surgical removal of tumors, radiation therapy, stem cells transplanting, chemotherapy or a combination of these therapies. it should be known that any therapeutic procedure has its innate side effects. immunotherapy is one of the most effective approaches of cancer treatment. it can empower immune system to identify the cancer cells and destroy them. immune system recognizes and reacts the pathogeneses and differentiates them from healthy tissue cells. t and b lymphocytes as a part of adaptive immune system control the growth of malignant tumors. they have the ability to remember the previous presence of pathogen in the body which helps to differentiate cancer cells from normal tissue and to react stronger than the earlier same pathogen. there are some vaccines that can be used to prevent and treat cancers. one of the most precious effective cancer treatments is dendritic cell-based (dcs) vaccination. it safely supports immune responses when they face with tumorous cells. physicochemical barrier such as skin, blood proteins such as complement, phagocytic cells such as macrophages, dcs and natural killer (nk) cells, affect a huge variety of tumors as innate immunity which is rapid but not specific pathway throw cancers. use of oncolytic viruses is a modern approach which not only lysis the cell tumors, but it activates the immune response. disadvantages in veterinary immunotherapy procedures such as high expenses, treatment responses outcomes, individual variety among patients and also between different tissues of one patient but if we use it in combination with other treatments, it could be more feasible to use. despite all the possible problems, immunotherapy is one of the most effective procedures of dogs’ cancer treatment.