application of mrna vaccine in veterinary medicine

The field of vaccinology is one of the most promising fields as it can overcome economic losses caused by infectious diseases and ensure food safety along with animal welfare. mrna was discovered in the 1960s and has gained much attention due to its rapid development and cost-effectiveness. initial trials focusing on local inoculation of mrna were unsuccessful due to its rapid degradation. later studies that used liposome and virus-like particle associated mrna successfully demonstrated strong anti-tumor immunity in mice and protective immunity against virus infection in several animal species, including non-human primates and dogs. recently, the successful application of mrna vaccines against covid-19 has further validated the platform and opened the floodgates to mrna vaccine’s potential in infectious disease prevention. dna vaccination is not used in farm animals due to concerns about the presence of plasmid residues and tumorigenic concerns. there are several advantages of rna-based vaccines over other vaccines. first, rna replication typically leads to the production of thousands of mrna copies that are translated by the host cell, thereby generating large quantities of corresponding antigens. second there is no worry of insertional mutagenesis and oncogenesis associated with dna-based vaccines. since rna is produced in large amounts by in vitro transcription using highly purified templates, it is generally considered safer than dna. third, mrnas are not integrated into the host genome and do not represent a biological hazard. finally, there is already a long history of efficacy for both naked dna and inactivated/attenuated vaccines in veterinary medicine, easing the acceptance and development of rna-based vaccines, mrna vaccines in veterinary medicine like foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), powassan virus (powv), pseudorabies virus (prv) ,porcine epidemic diarrhea (ped), avian influenza virus, rabies, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, african swine fever (asf) and classical swine fever (csf), swine influenza virus, marek’s disease virus (mdv)