نقش جغرافیای انسانی در بحران افغانستان

جغرافیا یکی از مهمترین شاخصهای تعیین کننده ثبات یا بی ثباتی در کشورها است. در حقیقت جغرافیا بستر بسیاری از تحولات اجتماعی و سیاسی کشورها و حتی روابط میان آنها با همسایگانشان می‌باشد. افغانستان از نمونه‌های بارز اینگونه کشورها است. جغرافیای این کشور به لحاظ تاریخی بحران خیز است. در طول تاریخ همواره جنگ، ناامنی، بی‌ثباتی سیاسی، فقر و اختلافات داخلی دامن‌گیر این کشور بوده است. لذا نظر به اهمیت و جایگاه بحران ساز افغانستان، هدف پژوهش حاضر تبیین بنیادهای جغرافیای انسانی در بحران‌های این کشور است. این پژوهش تحلیلی- توصیفی، ترکیبی از نظریه هاگت و تئوری کوهن است. در این روش به تبیین بسترها و زمینه‌های بحران ساز در افغانستان از منظر جغرافیای انسانی پرداخته شده است. روش جمع آوری داده‌های مورد نیاز این پژوهش، روش کتابخانه ای است. براساس یافته‌های پژوهش، تمام بحران‌های افغانستان از منظر جغرافیایی انسانی، ناشی از ناهمگونی‌های انسانی و مداخلات ابرقدرت‌ها بوده که باعث شکننده گی، نا آرامی و بحران خیز ماندن این کشور شده است. اختلافات مرزی و رودخانه ای، حائل بودن بین قدرتها، محصور بودن در خشکی، قرار گرفتن در منطقه شکننده و تحت فشار، تعدد همسایگان، تغییر مسیر رودهای مرزی، قومیت گرایی، بنیاد گرایی افراطی و تروریسم، تعصبات زبانی و فرهنگی، مهاجرت و محرومیت، کم سوادی، جدایی طلبان دو طرف مرز و کشت و قاچاق مواد مخدر از مهم ترین عوامل بحران زا و اختلاف برانگیز جغرافیایی و جغرافیای انسانی افغانستان هستند که منشا اختلافات با همسایگان را نیز تشکیل میدهد. عوامل مذکور از جمله علل پایدار جغرافیایی‌اند که نقش جبری در خلق بحرانها و اختلافات دارند. این عوامل مانع همبستگی، تشکیل یک دولت ملی و شکل گیری هویت ملی در افغانستان شده اند.

the role of human geography in the afghan crisis

geography is one of the most important determinants of stability or instability in countries. geography is the basis of many social and political developments within countries, even the relations between them and their neighbors. one of the clear examples of this is afghanistan. this country is known as a crisis-prone country in terms of human geography. war and insecurity, political instability, poverty, extensive internal disputes have plagued the people and this geography for years. the purpose of the current research is to explain the foundations of human geography in the crises of this country. this research is of a descriptive type, whose theoretical framework is obtained from the combination of hoggett's theory and cohen's theory, and based on it, the bases and contexts of the crisis in afghanistan have been explained from a human geographical perspective. according to the findings of the research, all the crises in afghanistan are affected by human geography and caused by human heterogeneity, the interventions of the powers, as a result of which this country has been in a fragile and unstable situation for years and has remained a crisis maker. border disputes with neighbors, being landlocked, being a barrier, being located in a fragile region, multiple neighbors, disputes over common border rivers and changing their course are some of the most stable issues of afghanistan's geography. ethnicism, linguistic and religious prejudices, extreme fundamentalism, illiteracy, drug cultivation and trafficking, migration, poverty and deprivation, and nomads are among the controversial issues in strengthening humanitarian crises. human heterogeneity (ethnic, religious, linguistic, cultural, etc.), the interference of neighboring countries and superpowers, are among the most fundamental factors causing afghanistan's crisis. in the big game between britain and russia, afghanistan played the role of a buffer and has always been a strong and vulnerable wall between the two empires. during the cold war, the same geographic location became important for america. pakistan sees the stability and fulfillment of its goals in the instability of afghanistan, and therefore, due to the border dispute, and with the aim of establishing a government aligned with itself, reaching central asia and preventing the expansion of india and iran's influence, it intervenes in the geography of afghanistan. the most important crisis-causing and divisive factors of human geography among the ethnic groups of afghanistan, which are also the source of disputes with neighbors, are: border and river disputes, being a buffer between powers, being landlocked, being in a fragile and under pressure area, multiplicity of neighbors, changing the course of border rivers. border and river disputes, being a buffer between powers, being landlocked, being in a fragile and under pressure region, multiple neighbors, changing the course of border rivers, ethnicism, extreme fundamentalism and terrorism, linguistic and cultural prejudices, immigration and deprivation. , low literacy, separatists on both sides of the border, and drug cultivation and trafficking are the most important factors that cause crises and conflicts in the geography and human geography of afghanistan, which also form the source of differences with neighbors. the mentioned factors are among the stable geographical causes that have a forced role in creating crises and disputes. these factors have prevented solidarity, the formation of a national government and the formation of national identity in afghanistan.