بررسی طرح‌های مداخله‌جویانه توسعه شهری از منظر فقه اسلامی

طرح های توسعه شهری بایستی متضمن منافع جمعی همه یا اکثر ساکنین باشد. در خلال طرح های توسعه شهری، بسیاری از مردم متضرر می شوند لذا ضروری می نماید مباحث مربوط به تحصیل زمین و مسکن جهت این طرح‌ها مورد بررسی قرار گیرد. در اسلام همواره به بحث عدالت و انصاف توجه ویژه ای شده است و در ساحت جهان بینی اسلامی مفاهیم متعددی چون اکرام انسانی، تعادل فضایی، ظلم ستیزی، انصاف گرایی، حق گرایی و ... وجود دارد که نمود عینی آن را می توان در قواعد فقهی متعددی که بر اخلاق اسلامی تمرکز دارد، مورد بررسی قرار داد. آنچه امروزه به‌عنوان ملاک عمل در تملک اراضی در طرح‌ها مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد، بهره مندی از روش های مبتنی بر اندیشه غرب همچون انتقال حقوق توسعه مالکیت می باشد. براین اساس سوالات اصلی پژوهش این است که 1. رویکرد انتقال حقوق توسعه ((tdr از منظر اندیشه اسلامی چگونه ارزیابی می شود؟ و 2. قوانین در زمینه تملک اراضی و انتقال حقوق توسعه چگونه تعریف شده است؟. لذا در این پژوهش با هدف بررسی قوانین مرتبط با طرح‌های توسعه شهری و تطبیق آن‌ها با فقه اسلامی و رویکرد انتقال حقوق توسعه، تحقیقات بر سه بعد، فقهی، اخلاقی و حقوقی در قالب مطالعات اسنادی و بررسی نصوص دینی به انجام می رسد. این پژوهش از نظر هدف، کاربردی و توسعه ای بوده و ازنظر ماهیت تحلیلی- توصیفی می باشد. بررسی‌ها نشان می دهد که اگر قوانین مشارالیه، منطبق بر اصول فقهی- اخلاقی دین مبین اسلام بازبینی گردند و الگوهای در نظر گرفته شده برای تملک دارای کمترین میزان مداخله و همچنین رضایت کامل مالکینی باشد که مالِ آنان در مسیر طرح های توسعه قرار می گیرد، می‌توان تلالو تحقق احکام اسلامی را در شهرها نظاره گر بود. در پایان ضمن پاسخگویی به سوالات، پیشنهاد‌هایی جهت بهره مندی از قواعد فقهی/ اخلاقی مبتنی بر اندیشه اسلامی در طرح های توسعه شهری ارائه می گردد.

investigating the intervention plans of urban development from the perspective of islamic jurisprudence

introduction the review of urban development plans in iran in the horizon indicates that a large part of the proposals and estimates in the horizon of this plan have not been realized. one of the main reasons for the ineffectiveness of these plans is the way they face the property rights. a right that is recognized in the country of iran and based on islamic law and sharia; therefore, it is necessary to examine this topic from the perspective of islamic thought. among the emerging ideas in the field of urban planning in the west is the transfer of development right (tdr) approach.this idea was proposed for the first time in order to preserve cultural heritage in america. but is this approach, which is used in urban plans in recent decades in iran, is expanding and has its roots in western thought, can it be the answer of iranian islamic society? therefore, in this research, the main goals are, 1. obtaining the framework of the concepts of rights and the transfer of property development based on religious texts, jurisprudential principles and documentary sources.2. adapting and reviewing the legal status of owners in the tdr approach is from the perspective of islamic thought. in this research, while examining the three dimensions, jurisprudence, ethics and law in the approach of transfer of development rights and the compliance of laws related to urban development plans with islamic jurisprudence and the approach of transfer of development rights, it is tried to make suggestions to benefit from the jurisprudence/ethical rule based to be presented on islamic thought in urban development plans.methodologythis research is applied and developmental in terms of purpose and analytical-descriptive in nature. this research is carried out in two stages, first by using documentary studies and existing information resulting from the implementation experiences of urban plans, the legal status of ownership and transfer of the right to development is examined, and in the next stage through studies of religious texts and shariathe framework of property rights in the religion of islam is explored.so, the right of ownership in islam and islamic thought, focusing on the principle of subordination, is examined in comparison with the right to transfer ownership in the tdr approach, and suggestions are made for the integration of legal structures and the islamic system in the field of ownership in order to increase the realization of projects. urban development is provided.result and discussionthe transfer of development rights (tdr) approach was first considered in new york city and in the united states, the possibility of moving and the right to transfer a license plate to the adjacent license plate in the zoning law of 1916a. based on this plan, the owners were given permission to sell their vertical development right to adjacent land plates, and the parts receiving this right would have the possibility of violating the construction height limit and setback requirements. various issues are involved in the tdr approach, such as development right, development value, and service recipient and service provider areas.by using the development right transfer approach, the owners of sensitive natural lands, farms, as well as historical and important areas can receive their losses through the sale of their transferable development tdr and voluntarily develop their property in the future.regarding the jurisprudential aspect of the transfer of development rights, according to the perspective of personal partial dispossession in islam, people are free to own their property, but according to the interests of the society, some of these rights are deprived by law and government. regarding the next aspect of citizenship rights, citizenship and ownership, which are considered among new concepts in the west today and are trying to achieve the rights of owners and citizens, are explicitly mentioned in islam.