تحلیل زیبایی شناسی عینی گرا در معماری خانه های قاجار در شهر تهران

پژوهش حاضر به تحلیل مفاهیم بنیادین زیبایی شناسی از نگاه عینی گرایی در معماری خانه های دوره‌ قاجار در تهران پرداخته است. زیبایی شناسی درک حال فضا از طریق انسان است و زیبایی شناسی در معماری حضور در فضا و احساس تمام مولفه‌های زیبایی به‌صورت یکجا به منصه ظهور می رساند. بحث زیباشناسی در معماری به مبانی نظری و علی الخصوص کیفیت در هر طراحی معماری به‌صورت جداگانه مربوط می شود که طرح و روند طراحی را بیشتر به شناخت عناصر و آفرینش زیبایی هدایت می کند؛ از طرفی معماران بر این باورند که عواملی مانند ساختار، مقاومت مصالح و مسائل مالی باعث ازبین‌رفتن آزادی عمل در طراحی ها برای آفرینش و خلق زیبایی شده است؛ لذا در این پژوهش با نگاه به معماری تاریخی قصد بر تحلیل زیبایی است. در سیر تحول تاریخی، زیبایی جاذبه ای ازلی بوده است و در رشته های متفاوتی مورد تحقیق و بررسی قرار گرفته است. اهمیت پژوهش در این است که زیبایی امری ذهنی نیست؛ بلکه باید آن را به‌صورت حقیقتی عینی درک کرد؛ همچنین خانه های دوره‌ قاجار به‌عنوان پدیده های مهم شهری، از نظر زیباشناسانه اهمیت بسیار دارند و ازاین‌رو در دهه های گذشته پژوهشگران به بررسی جنبه های گوناگون آن پرداختند. این پژوهش باتوجه‌به سنت کیفی تحقیق و با روش تحلیلی - توصیفی و تطبیقی، مبتنی بر مطالعات کتابخانه ای، تحلیل و آنالیز داده ها و برداشت میدانی در تلاش است تا ویژگی های زیبایی شناسی عینی را در هشت خانه های دوره‌ قاجار در تهران که عبارت است از: خانه امام‌جمعه، خانه مقدم، خانه سلطان بیگم، عمارت مسعودیه، عمارت عین الدوله، باغ نگارستان، موزه زمان و باغ فردوس را بررسی کند.

analysis of objective aesthetics in the architecture of qajar houses in tehran

introduction:the present research has analyzed the fundamental concepts of aesthetics from the point of view of objectivism in the architecture of qajar period houses in tehran. aesthetics is the understanding of the state of space through humans, and aesthetics in architecture brings to the fore the presence in space and the feeling of all the components of beauty at once. the discussion of aesthetics in architecture is related to the theoretical foundations and especially the quality in each architectural design individually, which leads the design and design process more to the knowledge of the elements and the creation of beauty; on the other hand, architects believe that factors such as structure, material resistance, and financial issues have caused the loss of freedom of action in designs to create beauty, so in this research, looking at historical architecture, the aim is to analyze beauty. . in the course of historical evolution, beauty has been an eternal attraction and has been researched in different disciplines. the importance of research is that beauty is not subjective; rather, it should be understood as an objective truth; also, the houses of the qajar period, as important urban phenomena, are very important from an aesthetic point of view, and for this reason, in the past decades, researchers investigated its various aspects.methodology: in this research, according to the qualitative tradition of research, the description of the architectural components of the qajar period has been discussed with a descriptive method, and an analytical method has been used to identify and compare the components and spatial relationship in the qajar houses. also, the research approach is comparative-interpretive. in order to obtain the desired results and express the answers to the research questions, in this research, information is collected with the library technique, such as books, articles, maps, photos and videos of the buildings, as well as field observations. the collection of information about eight houses of the first and second qajar period in tehran was done.results: the evolution of qajar houses has undergone an interesting process. the houses of the first qajar period, such as nagaristan garden, zaman museum and ferdous garden, are influenced by the architecture of the safavid period. but the houses of the second qajar period, such as moghadam house, imam juma's house, sultan begum house, masoudiya mansion, and ain-dawlah mansion, are influenced by europe, and their aesthetics are derived from existing european buildings and stamps. by analyzing the eight houses of the qajar period in tehran, it can be found that the ain-doleh mansion and the moghadam mansion have all the objective aesthetic components and the nagaristan garden, the museum of time, imam juma's house and the masoudiyeh mansion have the most objective aesthetic components.conclusion: by analyzing the basic concepts of objective aesthetics such as architectural form, geometry, architectural elements, decorations, unity and diversity in the houses of the first and second period of qajar, it can be found that the component of architectural form and decorations are present in all houses. it has and is an important and essential thing in the perception of objective aesthetics, and after that geometry and architectural elements are in the second degree and cause the perception of objective aesthetics.