ارتباط هندسه حجم و معماری اسلامی در مکتوبات دانشمندان قرون 4 تا 8 هجری

هندسه یکی از علوم مرتبط با معماری است که به‌صورت برجسته‌ای در معماری اسلامی چه به‌صورت مسطحه و چه به ‌صورت حجمی کاربرد داشته‌ است. بااین‌حال اغلب پژوهشگران این حوزه متمرکز به هندسه مسطحه بوده‌اند و پژوهش‌های معدودی به بررسی هندسه حجمی در معماری اسلامی پرداخته‌اند. به نظر می‌رسد علت مغفول ماندن هندسه حجم در نگاه بسیاری از پژوهشگران عدم آگاهی نسبت به هندسه حجم و معماری اسلامی باشد. ازاین‌رو، این پژوهش قصد دارد تا با رویکرد تاریخ فرهنگی و روش تفسیری تاریخی به این موضوع بپردازد و به این پرسش‌ها پاسخ دهد که 1- چه شواهدی در ابنیه و منابع مکتوب وجود دارد که نشان‌دهنده کاربرد هندسه حجم در صناعت معماری اسلامی ایران باشد؟ 2- تفکر حجمی در صناعت معماری اسلامی دربردارنده چه علومی بود؟ برای پاسخ به این پژوهش‌ها نیز هندسه حجم و معماری در اسناد تاریخی به‌مانند دانشنامه‌ها، اشعار شاعران و کاربرد تاریخی احجام در معماری بررسی می‌شود. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد بر اساس دانشنامه‌ها بین هندسه احجام و دانش معماری ارتباط برقرار بوده است که این ارتباط در سه‌شاخه اندازه و تناسبات، هندسه کروی و علم مخروطات است. همچنین کاربرد علوم مرتبط با هندسه احجام در اشعار شاعران برای وصف دانایی معمار و همچنین نمود آنها در برخی آثار معماری این یافته‌ها را تایید می‌کند.

the relationship between volumetric geometry and islamic architecture in historical writings

introduction: to study islamic architecture, one must explore the intellectual discourse that has led to the emergence and evolution of islamic architectural traditions. among the critical discourses influencing islamic architecture is the knowledge of geometry and its application. geometry, both planar and volumetric, has been prominently employed in islamic architecture. however, most researchers have focused on planar geometry, with limited studies investigating volumetric geometry in islamic architecture. this neglect appears to stem from a lack of understanding of volumetric geometry and its relevance to islamic architectural practices.methodology: this research, fundamental in nature and adopting a historical study approach, seeks to answer the following questions through library studies and historical interpretation:1. what evidence is there in buildings and written sources that demonstrate the use of volumetric geometry in islamic architecture in iran?2. what sciences contributed to volumetric thinking in the islamic architecture industry?to address these questions, the research reviews previous studies related to volumetric geometry and islamic architecture, examining the position of architecture in the classification of sciences. subsequently, it searches for evidence related to geometry, volume, and architecture in written architectural sources (literature and encyclopedias).results: analyzing volume from an architectural perspective reveals various concepts such as volume in relation to form, spatial volume, and material volume. polyhedrons—shapes bounded by planar faces—play a pivotal role in architectural modeling since constructing flat surfaces is generally easier than creating curved ones. throughout history, pattern recognition has provided a fundamental connection between architecture, mathematics, and society. human thought not only identified patterns in nature and society but also developed new patterns and visual representations to understand their application and results. some believe that those working in architecture followed principles and guidelines explained by mathematicians. this suggests a significant link between architectural practice and the field of geometry within educational sciences (mathematics). besides using volumetric patterns in architectural forms or building decorations, written sources also indicate the application of volumetric science in architecture. due to the efforts of many artists and writers in different eras, literature and architecture, along with other arts, have revealed the different dimensions and forms of their existence and in many cases they have exhibited common features from each other.conclusion: the emphasis by muslim philosophers such as al-farabi on the deep connection between theory and practice provided a theoretical basis for the rational integration of various fields of science and practice. geometry, as one of the most influential sciences in the cultural schools of the islamic world, was crucial in the foundation of islamic civilization. from architectural works around the world, it is evident that formalism was defined by the geometry of volumes in architects' minds, visible from ancient egyptian architecture to the islamic era. according to encyclopedias, there has been a connection between volumetric geometry and architectural knowledge in three branches: size and proportions, spherical geometry, and the science of cones. furthermore, the use of volumetric geometry in poets' descriptions of architectural knowledge and its appearance in some architectural works confirm these findings.