بازشناسی الگوهای شکلی به‌جامانده در تپه حسنلو

تپه باستانی حسنلو، طی کاوش‌هایی در سه دهه‌ی بسیار مهم تاریخ باستان‌شناسی از دید انقلاب روش و فرضیه‌های آن در دهه‌های 1950، 1960 و 1970 میلادی اجرا شده است. دژ حسنلو دربرگیرنده چندین طبقه‌ی فرهنگی متنوع از عصر مفرغ قدیم تا دوره ایلخانی در منطقه شمال غرب ایران است. بر اساس مستندات معماری و نیز کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی، شواهد زیادی حاکی از وجود الگوهای شکلی در حوزه معماری در محوطه‌های تپه باستانی حسنلو است. سوال این است که الگوهای فرهنگی چه تاثیراتی بر کیفیت معماری تپه حسنلو گذاشته است؟ هدف پژوهش حاضر، تبیین مبانی نظری در زمینه معماری، باستان‌شناسی و فرهنگ به‌منظور بررسی کیفیت معماری و عوامل تاثیرگذار در آن است. این پژوهش به روش کیفی تحلیلی و در نهایت از طریق مقایسه تطبیقی و با استخراج از اسناد تاریخی، نقشه‌ها و مستندات تصویری و باستان‌شناسی با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای و آرشیوی به انجام رسیده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد رابطه تنگاتنگی میان الگوهای شکلی مبتنی بر نمادشناسی و سبک معماری در محوطه‌های باستانی حسنلو وجود دارد. مهم‌ترین نتیجه این مقاله، استفاده از الگوهای شکلی مربع، مستطیل و چلیپا در تاکید بر کاربری، نمادشناسی و معناشناسی است. چرا که این تکنیک طراحی در موازات مباحث نمادشناسی، معناشناسی مبتنی بر کاربرد سازه‌ای - ایستایی و همچنین به‌عنوان پوشش سقف نیز مدنظر بوده و این فنون در تمامی ادوار تاریخی از زمان استقرار دژ حسنلو تا دوران بعد، حتی در حال عصر حاضر نیز مورداستفاده قرار گرفته است.

recognizing the remaining shape patterns in hasanlu hill

introduction: the ancient hill of hasanlu is situated 12 km southwest of urmia lake and 9 km northeast of naqadeh city (sulduz), between amin lu and hasanlu villages. the hill is named hasanlu after the nearby village. excavations at the hasanlu ancient hill took place in three significant decades of archaeological history (1950s, 1960s, and 1970s), characterized by methodological advancements and new hypotheses. hasanlu hill has a lot of layers of culture ranging from the old bronze age to the ilkhanid period. alongside three or four forts in the region, it has been served as a defense for the western borders of manaha, which is located in the southern part of urmia lake. these fortress cities have been substituted to scattered villages and became the focal point of resistance against the invasions of the assyrian and urartu governments in the early first millennium bc. in hasanlu's sequence, a total of ten cultural periods, labeled as periods i to x, have been identified. in the northwestern region of iran, there are relatively isolated mountain valleys that serve as environmental beds, offering different environmental conditions and resources. this has resulted in a significant cultural diversity in the region for a long time. numerous architectural documents and archaeological excavations point towards the presence of architectural patterns in the ancient hill sites of hasanlu. accordingly, the goal has been to investigate the theoretical principles in the areas of architecture, archaeology, culture, and the utilization of written and visual records to evaluate the standard of architecture and its influencing factors. the lack of resources, incomplete and varied reports from the archaeological team, and disregard for the architecture of hasanlu hill, along with the importance of recognizing the shape patterns left on the hill and the necessity of researching the theoretical foundations of architecture and investigating the impact of influential patterns on architectural quality, highlight the need to understand the connection between fundamental architectural concepts and theoretical foundations. ultimately, this prompts the question: what role have cultural patterns played in shaping the architectural quality of hasanlu hill? the objective of the present study is to elucidate the theoretical principles in the domains of architecture, archaeology, and culture, with the purpose of examining the quality of architecture and the factors that impact it.methodology: this research was carried out using a qualitative analytical approach, and ultimately through comparative analysis supplemented by information gathered from historical documents, maps, visual materials, and archaeological records obtained from library and archival sources.results: the research findings indicate that there is a strong connection between the shape patterns influenced by symbolism and the architectural style found in the ancient sites of hasanlu.conclusion: the article's most significant discovery is the utilization of square, rectangular, and cross shaped (chalipa) patterns to highlight the usage, symbolism, and meaning behind the structures. this design technique is closely associated with topics like symbolism, meaning derived from the structural and static application, as well as serving as a roof covering. these techniques have been consistently employed throughout the entire history of hasanlu fortress, up until the present day.