the effect of on-screen text through imagery on vocabulary development and retention

Recent research has highlighted the potential of multimodal approaches in enhancing vocabularyacquisition among language learners. studies have shown that combining visual and textualelements can significantly improve vocabulary retention and recall. in the same direction, thisstudy investigated the effect of on-screen text through imagery on vocabulary development andretention among iranian efl learners. fifty intermediate-level female students aged 15-19 wereselected using a two-stage sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and controlgroups. the solution placement test was used to ensure homogeneity, whileresearcher-developed vocabulary pre- and post-tests assessed learning outcomes. over ten10-minute sessions, the experimental group viewed videos with l2 subtitles and highlightedwords with imagery support, while the control group watched the same videos with only l1subtitles. data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ancova). results revealedsignificant positive effects of the treatment on both vocabulary development and retention. theexperimental group significantly outperformed the control group in both immediate and delayedposttests, demonstrating the effectiveness of combining on-screen text with imagery forenhancing vocabulary acquisition and long-term retention in efl contexts. these findings haveimportant implications for curriculum design and teaching practices in language classrooms,suggesting the integration of multimodal approaches to support vocabulary learning.