Eyes on the cosmic web: A tribute to Ali Reza Ashrafi

This article delves into the subject of topological modeling and invariants in the study of the cosmic web (cw), which refers to the vast network of galaxies in the universe. the article explores the use of eccentric connectivity and other topological descriptors to classify various structures within the cosmic web, such as filaments, walls, and clusters. by analyzing graphs and lattices in detail, the study shows how topological invariants can be used to extract morphological information and categorize nodes based on their structural roles. additionally, the article discusses the potential application of these methods in assigning galaxy populations across different structures within the cosmic web. this research offers valuable insights into the use of topological tools for comprehending the intricate and complex nature of the universe’s large-scale galaxy distribution.