بررسی شفاف‌بینی و نشانه های فرهنگ تصویری هند در نقاشی های هنرمند خودآموخته «تِجو بِن»

«تجو بن» هنرمند خودآموختة هندی است که نقاشی‌هایش از نظر سادگی در شیوة بیان، مشابه سایر نقاشان خودآموخته است و در عین حال تفاوت هایی نیز دارد که آن ها را منحصر به فرد و یگانه ساخته‌است. یکی از ویژگی های ساختاری مشترک در آثار هنرمندان خودآموخته «شفاف بینی» است، که به شیوه‌های مختلفی نمود پیدا می کند و از سویی دیگر به نظر میرسد تاثیرات محیطی و فرهنگی در متمایز شدن این آثار نقش بسزایی دارد. هدف از پژوهش پیش رو، بررسی چگونگی بروز شفاف بینی و تاثیر فرهنگ بصری هند در نقاشی های تجو بن است. پرسش های مطرح شده عبارتند از اینکه «شفاف بینی در نقاشی های تجو بن به چه شیوه هایی جلوه گر شده‌است؟» و «فرهنگ تصویری هند چگونه بر نقاشی های تجو بن تاثیر گذاشته‌‌است؟». پس  از بررسی آثار  او می‌توان این‌گونه نتیجه گرفت که در این نقاشی ها دو نوع شفاف بینی درونی و پله ای وجود دارد که حاصل واقع گرایی فکری هنرمند نسبت به موضوع است و از سویی دیگر تاثیر فرهنگ تصویری هند از جمله الهه ها، آداب و رسوم، فضاهای شهری و روستایی هند را می توان در تمامی نقاشی های او به خوبی مشاهده کرد که همین امر سبب  متمایز شدن آن ها از دیگر آثار شده‌است. این پژوهش، به روش توصیفی- تحلیلی انجام شده و شیوة گرداوری مطالب کتابخانه ای و ابزار آن مشاهده ای است.

investigation of transparency and the impact of indian visual culture on the paintings of self-taught artist “teju ben

a self-taught artist creates works away from cultural and educational pressures and their works are free from complex techniques. these works are considered a quick reaction of their creators’ spirit and a perfect example of artistic originality; because of that in recent decades, self-taught art has been noticed in the art world. the wonder of self-taught artists’ paintings is that they are both unique and very similar at the same time. therefore, many of their structural characteristics and values are common. on the other hand, part of the uniqueness of individual characters is caused by the indirect recognition of the culture that leads to diverse themes and forms in these works.teju ben is a self-taught indian artist whose paintings are similar to other self-taught painters in terms of simplicity expression, and at the same time, they also have differences that make them unique. one of the common structural features in the works of self-taught artists is &transparency&, which manifests in different ways. on the other hand, it seems that environmental and cultural influences have a significant role in the diversity of these works. this research aims to investigate how transparency and indian visual culture appear in teju ben’s paintings. the questions are: &in what ways has transparency been manifested in teju ben’s paintings?&, and &how the indian visual culture has influenced teju ben’s paintings?&.this study is a qualitative research that has been done by the descriptive-analytical method. its information has been collected by the library method and observational tool. finally, the questions were answered in a qualitative way by analyzing the collected information and describing some works of tajo ben.self-taught art can be considered &raw art& or &outsider art&. &this art is different from folk art, which is created based on traditions and in relation to the culture of the society, and from simple painterly art, because it is original and spontaneous& (benedetti, 2008: 113-114). and &most of these artists have created such works incognizant of the western art’s well-known basic form and logic& (cardinal, 1972: 55). &the self-taught artist is not described in terms such as psychopathology or unbridled creativity, instead they are recognized as &ordinary human beings& who depict culture from a unique perspective.& (russell, 2011:19). imitation or re-creation has little role in these works and their creators depict everything. the subjects, choice of materials and ways of transmission, rhythm, method of execution, etc., are completely personal and do not borrow from any artistic tradition, whether classical or contemporary art (dubuffet, 1973). studying the biographies and works of these artists shows many commonalities that can be considered as characteristics of self-taught artists. these features include:they have not been educated in any kind of art, by any means, neither class nor books or movies. they have never had a predetermined plan to become an artist and they have no desire to be called one.they usually start creating artwork at an advanced age, and after an unfortunate and shocking event that happened to them. after making artwork, they realize that it helps to feel better.not the result of the work, but the process of creation is important for them.canvas is not a necessary tool, because their materials and tools are always available for them, such as boards, cardboard, paper, boxes, and walls.usually, these people keep their work hidden, it has even been seen in some cases that they destroy their work after finishing.self-taught artists are accidentally discovered and introduced by another person who is usually a trained artist. transparency is one of the most interesting common features between children’s and self-taught paintings, which represents everything they are aware of, even if they are not visible. freeman and janikoun (1972) in their research on children’s drawings point to two types of transparency. the first one is depicting things that exist, but cannot be seen, and the second is that shapes are not hidden behind each other.there is a distinct type of dealing with the subject in the paintings of self-taught artist, where he/she simultaneously depicts the outside and inside of persons and objects. this is similar to the children’s drawing, which is called transparency or x-ray. of course, transparency is not only limited to showing the internal contents but also includes all parts of the image, so that the different and hidden parts are drawn completely.transparency is the result of drawing shapes and subjects by the mind. a similar vision can be seen in traditional indian paintings. transparency is a fundamental element in all of teju’s paintings and the structure of her drawings remains the same, regardless of the tools she uses. in her works, both types of transparency can be seen. she draws inside and outside of houses at the same time, and nothing is hidden from vision.  not to comply perspective rules and the integrated view are manifestations of transparency, which puts all the existing elements in front of the viewer’s eyes.the unique, powerful, and stimulating works of tajo ben express the innate human desire of creating. teju often portrays herself in her works and takes direct inspiration from things around her, like home, children, and even hindu thoughts.the system of vision, the structure of the mind, matters related to the social environment, family conditions, growth, and even inheritance play a decisive role in forming the final artwork. the mental activity of the artist does not end here, throughout the creation of the artwork, he/she continues him/her active and creative movement. with every new event that occurs in the process of creating the work, he/she thinks of a new plan that is in sync with each other. the objective manifestations provide the necessary coordination and synchronicity and do not neglect the activity, discovery, and finding the appropriate and coordinated solution until obtaining the necessary result that satisfies (shamili