بررسی تطبیقی و رتبه‌بندی تجارب احداث پیاده‌راه در بافت‌های تاریخی با تاکید بر گردشگری فرهنگ‌ مبنا

گردشگری تاریخی سهم بسزایی در انتقال فرهنگ داشته و فرصت نفوذ شهرها در محیط رقابتی را امکان‌پذیر کرده است. یکی از اقداماتی که در راستای حفاظت از بافت‌های تاریخی می‌شود طراحی مسیرهای پیاده در بافت‌های کهن است. ارزیابی کیفیت پیاده‌راه‌ها در تجدید حیات مراکز شهرها بسیار بااهمیت است. رتبه‌بندی مسیرهای پیاده در بافت‌های تاریخی، نقاط قوت و ضعف شهرهای مختلف در جذب گردشگر را آشکار می‌کند و نکات ارزشمندی را برای توسعۀ گردشگری ارائه می‌دهد. هدف از این پژوهش، بررسی تطبیقی تجارب مختلف در طراحی پیاده‌راه در بافت‌های تاریخی با تاکید بر گردشگری فرهنگ‌مبنا بوده و به‌دنبال پاسخ به این سوال است که رتبه‌بندی پیاده‌راه‌ها براساس شاخص‌های گردشگری فرهنگ‌مبنا به چه صورت است؟ این پژوهش با روش توصیفی  ‌تحلیلی و با رویکرد کمّی، با استفاده از روش تصمیم‌گیری چندمعیارۀ مارکوس، به رتبه‌بندی پیاده‌راه‌ها پرداخته و سنجه‌ها را در زیرمجموعۀ عوامل عملکرد، حرکت‌ودسترسی، کالبدی، زیست‌محیطی، آسایش و راحتی، و ارزش‌های اجتماعی و فرهنگی، با استفاده از روش بهترین بدترین، وزن‌دهی کرده است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهند که سنجه‌های تعداد موزه‌ها و آثار تاریخی کثرت کاربری‌های فرهنگی و تعداد عرصه‌های عمومی موجود برای وقوع فعالیت، اهمیت بیشتری به‌نسبت سایر سنجه‌ها دارند. همچنین، نتایج رتبه‌بندی پیاده‌راه‌ها حاکی از آن است که پیاده‌راه تربیت تبریز با امتیاز عملکرد مطلوب 0.729رتبۀ اول را کسب کرده و پس از آن، پیاده‌راه جنت مشهد با امتیاز 0.501 و پیاده‌راه 15 خرداد تهران با امتیاز 0.482 رتبه‌های دوم و سوم را به‌دست آورده‌اند

comparative study and ranking of pedestrian walkway construction experiences in historical contexts with an emphasis on culture-based tourism

historical tourism has a significant role in the transmission of culture and allows cities to penetrate a competitive environment. one of the actions used to protect historical contexts is designing walkways in ancient contexts. evaluation of the quality of pedestrian walkways has great importance in the revival of city centers. ranking pedestrian walkways in historical contexts can reveal the strengths and weaknesses of different cities in attracting tourists and provide valuable tips for tourism development. the purpose of this research is to compare different experiences in pedestrian walkway design in historical contexts with an emphasis on culture-based tourism and seeks to answer the question of how walkways are ranked based on cultural tourism indicators. this research, with a descriptive-analytical method and with a quantitative approach, has ranked the pedestrian walkways by using the multi-criteria decision-making method of marcos, and has weighted the parameters in the subset of function,  accessibility, physical, environmental, comfort and convenience, and social and cultural values factors, by using the best-worst method. the research findings show that the indicators of the number of museums and historical monuments, the plurality of cultural uses, and the number of public arenas available for occurring the activity, are more important than other indicators. also, the ranking results of the walkways indicate that the tarbiat walkway of tabriz won first place with an optimum performance score of 0.729, followed by the jannat walkway of mashhad with a score of 0.501, and the 15 khordad walkway of tehran with a score of 0.482.1. introductionthe historical context of cities is considered the most important physical-spatial platform of cultural values due to their high age, physical heritage, and buildings with historical value, and suitable buildings for injecting cultural performance (safdari et al., 2013, p. 26). nowadays, globalization has caused every city and every place to compete with other places by getting its share of tourism income (mohammadi and changlovaei, 2012, p. 16). meanwhile, historical tourism significantly contributes to transferring history, quality, and way of life and culture and allows cities to penetrate a competitive environment (flamaki, 2008). developing pedestrian tourism routes in historical contexts plays an important role in increasing the positive walking experience in urban tourism destinations (hassanshahi et al, 2023, p 1080).one of the actions used to protect historical contexts and to guide and develop tourism is the design of pedestrian walkways in ancient contexts, which will be able to revive the ancient context with the role it plays in attracting tourists and lead to tissue regeneration as a supplementary factor in the matter of conservation. the evaluation of the quality of pedestrian walkways is of great importance due to its characteristics in creating social interactions, functional and environmental goals, improving the traffic situation, creating a mental image, and revitalizing city centers (rashtbari et al., 2022, p. 18).examining and ranking the experiences of pedestrian walkways in historical contexts can reveal the strengths and weaknesses of the competition of different cities in attracting historical and culture-based tourists and provide valuable tips for improving the conditions and tourism development. the purpose of this research is to compare and rank different experiences in the design of pedestrian walkways in historical contexts with an emphasis on culture-based tourism, and to answer the main question of how to rank the existing sidewalks based on the indicators of culture-based tourism.2. literature reviewmany urban thinkers commented on the public space and its transformation into a place, for the presence and life of people, especially pedestrians, and expressed the different dimensions of a successful public space (aghajani and pendar, 2021, p. 206). the urban space is the platform of cultural interactions, and urban life is the symbol and physical embodiment of cultural concepts. among the first actions to attract citizens and tourists to historical environments, which has led to the emergence of a phenomenon called cultural tourism, are the revitalization of old urban structures, the reproduction of collective memories, and the branding of places (aminzadeh and dadras, 2011, p. 102).the age and physical heritage and the existence of cultural functions, as well as the existence of organic movement routs and passages in historical contexts, have made these contexts suitable for identifying tourist routes and conducting tourist walking tours. the presence of citizens and pedestrians in the paths of historical contexts brings aliveness to urban spaces (alalhesabi and mazarei, 2022, p. 44). walking is extensively recognized as a key part of the overall tourism experience, especially in heritage tourism (hassanshahi et al, 2023, p 1081).the term pedestrianization was first proposed by mannheim in 1975. according to manheim, a pedestrian walkway is a street for pedestrians, where vehicles can travel only during certain hours (ebrahimzadeh and esfandiari mehni, 2018, pp. 134-135). pedestrian walkways, as passages with a high social role and restricting the movement of riders, are a way to reclaim public passages from vehicles, especially valuable urban spaces that have cultural, historical, commercial, and recreational attractions for pedestrians, and return them to humans, to have movement, social interactions and recreational, tourism and commercial activities (pezeshki and alijani, 2020: 40). a successful pedestrian walkway plan requires citizen participation. optimal allocation of space for all users (including residents, tourists, and businessmen), the existence of a mix of uses including commercial, cultural, and residential tourism, management of public parking facilities and access to public vehicles, proper demarcation of spaces for loading and unloading, coordination of urban services and creating comfort and convenience, how to allow the entry of vehicles and pedestrians, lighting, the quality of the facade and how to take care of it, the continuity of the pedestrian walkway and creating spatial contrast, the attractiveness of the facades of buildings, etc. are some of the key issues in explaining the quality of pedestrian walkways (heidarzadeh and haghi, 2022, p. 66).3 .methodologyin terms of the purpose, this research is placed in the group of practical researches. in this research, a descriptive-analytical method with a quantitative approach has been used. the researcher’s attention is focused on the comparative comparison and ranking of existing pedestrian walkways according to the design indicators of pedestrian walkways in historical contexts with an emphasis on culture-based tourism, using the multi-criteria decision-making method (mcdm). therefore, by examining the existing experiences in the field of recreating historical contexts, these experiences have been scored using the marcos method based on the extracted indicators, and the strengths and weaknesses of each experience have been examined. to carefully examine the experiences with the culture-based tourism approach, while using the marcos method, the research indicators have been weighted using the best-worst (bwm) method in line with the research objective. with the studies conducted in the field of pedestrian walkway design in historical contexts, indicators related to the research topic have been extracted from various sources, and these indicators are categorized as physical, performance, safety and security, movement and accessibility, environment, comfort and convenience, and social and cultural values criteria and components.4 .resultsthe study area includes five pedestrian walkways such as 15 khordad (tehran), bagh sepehsalar (tehran), jannat (mashhad), tarbiat (tabriz), and lian (bushehr). in this section, a comparative study of pedestrian walkways has been done using indicators derived from literature review and using the marcos method. in multi-criteria decision-making fields, especially multi-indicator decision-making fields, having and knowing the relative weights of existing indicators is an effective step in the problem-solving process. the analysis of parameters using the best-worst method (bwm) shows that the parameters of the ratio of the number of museums and historical monuments per 100 meters, the ratio of the number of cultural uses per 100 meters, the ratio of the number of public areas available for occurring the activity per 100 meters, the ratio of the number of public transportation stations around the path per 100 meters, and the presence of a market with historical value around the path, according to the purpose of the research, which is to investigate the values of culture-based tourism on the sidewalks, were more important than other parameters, so they have been given more weight.5. conclusionthe design of pedestrian walkways in historical contexts, and accordingly the restoration of the buildings located in these contexts, causes the regeneration, vitality and presence of more historical contexts. the design of these routes in the historical context is done with various goals, such as turning urban centers and historical contexts into a place for people to be present, solving traffic problems caused by the presence of cars in these contexts, improving the quality of historical contexts, etc. the ranking results of the walkways indicate that the tarbiat walkway of tabriz won first place with an optimum performance score of 0.729, followed by the jannat walkway of mashhad with a score of 0.501, and the 15 khordad walkway of tehran with a score of 0.482. as it appears from the research data, designing pedestrian walkways with a culture-based tourism approach, the first and most important factor determining the success rate of the plan is to think about the functions and uses required which can attract the population, especially cultural uses and museums and historical monuments. experiences teach us that paying attention to social and cultural values, and the existence of markets with historical value around the paths, as well as the existence of areas for occurring activities, will make these plans successful and attract citizens and tourists to the route; which sometimes the implemented projects have not paid much attention to. unfortunately, in most of the investigated pedestrian walkways, the indicators of the presence of a mix of uses (a parameter of the multiplicity (density) of sports uses in one hectare), the presence of green space, favorable sun exposure and shading, and the lack of noise and noise pollution have been neglected and it is appropriate to take actions in this field on all pedestrian walkways. to solve the mentioned gaps and create a suitable pedestrian walkway plan, at the end of the research, a model of a quality pedestrian walkway in historical contexts has been introduced